SURFACE HEAT LOSS AND FRAZIL ICE PRODUCTION IN THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER1

ABSTRACT: The rates of ice production due to surface heat loss in open water reaches of the St. Lawrence River, between the Ogdensburg-Prescott Boom and the Moses-Saunders Dam, are analyzed for the past 20 winters. Simple statistical parameters for ice production rates and air temperature are determined. Regression analyses for relationships between surface heat loss rates and freezing degree days indicate that an excellent linear correlation exists between these two variables. The study also shows that it is important to consider other heat exchange components, such as the bed heat flux and viscous dissipation, in the total ice production analysis for the river reach.     

改性天然沸石去除水中氨氮的研究

分别采用NaCl、KCl和CaCl2对黑龙江省某市天然沸石进行改性,考察了pH值、氨氮初始浓度以及温度对改性沸石交换性能的影响,并对改性沸石的交换动力学进行了研究.结果表明,NaCl和KCl改性对沸石原矿交换容量有不同程度提高,而KCl改性后容量有所降低.pH、NH4 初始浓度以及温度对交换性能有明显影响,pH 6.0附近沸石交换容量最大;NH4 初始浓度越高,反应速度越快,相同初始浓度下,钾型沸石交换速度较快,而沸石原矿交换速度最慢.采用Langmuir型离子交换等温线进行非线性回归的结果显示,低温有利于交换反应的进行.溶液中NH4 在改性沸石上的离子交换反应可采用Vermeulen模型描述,沸石原矿拟合相关系数较差.改性沸石多次再生后,其交换容量均有所降低.     

亚硒酸盐对蚕豆根尖细胞的遗传损伤效应

采用蚕豆根尖微核实验和姊妹染色单体交换实验，研究亚硒酸盐的遗传损伤效应．结果表明：0．1～50．0μg／g的亚硒酸氢钠(NaHSeO3)处理12h可诱发蚕豆根尖细胞遗传损伤，导致根尖细胞有丝分裂指数下降，间期具有微核的细胞数显著增多，姐妹染色单体交换(SCE)频率明显增高；且根尖微核细胞率与处理浓度间具有正相关，分裂指数与处理浓度间呈负线性相关，分裂指数与微核率之间表现负相关．研究结果提示：硒能破坏生物的遗传稳定性，职业接触或饮食补硒时应避免其毒害作用．图1表4参17     

干旱胁迫对青海杨不同种群的影响

通过对青海杨的两个分别来自极端干旱和湿润地区的种群进行不同水分处理,研究其在生物量的积累与分配、气体交换、脱落酸积累以及水分利用效率上的种群差异.结果表明:①不同种群在各种生长和形态指标上均表现出了显著性差异,例如株高(Ht)、基径(Bd)、总生物量(Tb)、总叶面积(La)和细根比(Ft).②不同种群在各种生理指标上也表现出了显著性差异,例如净光合速率(A)、蒸腾速率(E)、气孔导度(g)、水分利用效率(WUEi)和脱落酸(ABA)积累.③与来自湿润地区的种群相比,来自干旱地区的种群表现出了较小的生长和形态指标值以及较大的生理指标值.这些对水分可利用性的形态和生理适应性表明,不同种群在其幼苗早期生长和建立方面采用了不同的生存策略,来自湿润地区的杨树种群采用耗水策略从而抗旱性低,而来自干旱地区的杨树采用节水策略从而抗旱性高.这些对干旱的不同反应可以为不同气候地区选择相应的生态型提供一定的参考标准.表4参26     

阴离子交换树脂生物再生去除硝酸盐氮

阴离子交换树脂可高效去除水体中的硝酸盐,但盐水再生所产生的脱附液处理难度大.生物再生可通过反硝化作用降解吸附于树脂上硝酸盐氮,减少盐的使用,降低处理成本.本文在考察不同碳源(葡萄糖、乙酸钠、乳酸钠、甲醇)对生物再生影响的基础上,利用反硝化细菌对吸附有硝酸盐氮的阴离子交换树脂进行了生物再生研究,考察了微生物浓度和共存Na Cl对生物再生的影响.结果表明,生物再生过程由离子交换脱附过程和反硝化过程构成,整体受反硝化过程限制.微生物浓度的升高可显著降低生物再生所需时间,当微生物接种量高于0.6 g·L-1时,树脂上的硝酸盐可以在10 h内完全降解.再生体系中Na Cl可促进硝酸根的离子交换脱附,造成初始阶段溶液中硝酸盐浓度的快速升高,但生物再生仍受反硝化过程控制.当Na Cl浓度高于20 g·L-1时,反硝化生物活性被抑制,生物再生时间显著增加.而吸附生物再生多批次实验表明,生物再生后的树脂吸附量稳定于30~35 mg·g~(-1).     

Fuel cell system with sodium borohydride hydrogen generator for small unmanned aerial vehicles

A 100 W proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system with a sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) hydrogen generator was investigated for small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The performance of a cobalt–phosphorous/nickel foam catalyst was evaluated to determine the change in catalytic activity under real operating conditions. The response time increased owing to oxidation of the metals and accumulation of sodium; however, the catalyst remained active at high reaction temperatures. A NaBH₄ hydrogen generator with the catalyst was developed for a 100 W PEMFC system. The hydrogen generation rate was stable for 3 h, and the conversion efficiency was 97.8%. Finally, a 100 W PEMFC system with the NaBH₄ hydrogen generator was investigated for small UAVs. The maximum power and energy density of the PEMFC system were 95.96 W and 185.2 Wh/kg, respectively.     

CaCl_2废液在赤泥脱碱中的应用

采用CaCl_2废液对赤泥进行脱碱处理。分析了脱碱机理,考察了CaCl_2废液对赤泥进行脱碱处理的影响因素。研究结果表明,在赤泥加入量为5 g、CaCl_2废液加入量为4 m L、反应温度为80℃、反应时间为4 h的最佳条件下,Na去除率达75%,脱碱后赤泥中Na的质量分数低于0.8%,脱碱后CaCl_2废液的p H约为7。CaCl_2废液对赤泥进行脱碱处理的脱碱机理为CaCl_2废液中的CaCl_2、Mg Cl2和酸与赤泥中的碱发生离子交换反应,使得赤泥中的Na转化为Na Cl,进入到溶液中,从而脱除赤泥中的碱。     

Biosorption and retention of orthophosphate onto Ca(OH)2-pretreated biomass of Phragmites sp.

The biosorption of phosphorus in the form of orthophosphate(Po) from wastewater using biomass as the sorbent is of potential importance because the Po-loaded biomass could be applied in the agricultural sector as fertilizer and soil conditioner. However, biomass generally displays a very low affinity for Posorption and therefore biomass surface modification is required. In the present study, the biomass(as model grinded leaves of Phragmites sp. were used)was pretreated with Ca(OH)2to enhance Pobiosorption capacity(qe). The results indicate that the alkaline pretreatment resulted in a modification of surface functional groups. It was concluded that the main sorption mechanisms were ligand exchange and electrostatic attraction. A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the performance of the pretreated biomass for Pouptake under various conditions. Isotherm and thermodynamic studies were also applied and analyzed. The biosorption process was best described by the pseudo-second order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm, which gave a qmaxof 12.27 mg P/g at 25°C and p H 7. The Ca(OH)2treated Phragmites biomass applied in this study for Porecovery may present some potential advantages in terms of costs and environmental impact.     

Converting Waste Polystyrene into Adsorbent: Potential Use in the Removal of Lead and Cadmium Ions from Aqueous Solution

Waste of polystyrene was converted into a cation exchange resin and was used for the removal of lead and cadmium metals from aqueous solution. Wastes consisting of coffee cups were crushed into small pieces and immersed into a solution of sulfuric acid in order to attach sulfonic group to polymer chain, these groups are responsible for the exchange properties of the modified plastic. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) was determined and was comparable to commercial exchangers. The adsorption isotherms of resin with synthetic wastewater containing lead and cadmium ions were tested. Adsorption analysis results obtained at various concentrations showed that the adsorption pattern on the resin followed Langmuir isotherms.     

Removal of trace arsenic（V） and phosphate from water by a highly selective ligand exchange adsorbent

The ligand exchange adsorbent could be used to remove the toxic arsenic(V) and phosphate efficiently from water even in the presence of foreign anions and possible to apply in chemical industry.