MIEX中试实验对二级出水中有机物去除的3DEEM解析

利用三维荧光光谱研究了磁性离子交换树脂（magnetic ion exchange resin,MIEX）对污水厂二级出水中有机物的去除特征.结果表明,磁性树脂处理二级出水过程中,两级反应过程和进水流量对DOC和UV254有较显著的去除效果,去除率分别达到25.5%～53.5%和27.6%～52.2%,其中50 L.h-1流量条件下,出水中DOC和UV254浓度分别为3.29 mg.L-1和0.057cm-1.水中芳香族蛋白质或酚类物质和类腐殖酸物质荧光强度较高,磁性树脂使二级出水中色氨酸类芳香族蛋白质、芳香族蛋白质、腐殖酸类荧光强度分别下降38.2%、85.8%和85.7%,腐殖酸和富里酸峰消失,并露出溶解性微生物代谢产物荧光峰.不同进水流量条件下,色氨酸类芳香族蛋白质荧光强度下降率和芳香族蛋白质或酚类物质荧光强度下降率与进水流量的负相关性最好,50～100 L.h-1流量条件对各类荧光物质的去除率影响最大.磁性树脂与二级出水中色氨酸类芳香族蛋白质和芳香族蛋白质或酚类物质有更好的线性置换关系（R2=0.834 8）,磁性树脂对二级出水中芳香族蛋白质或酚类物质的置换作用则最显著（a=850.2）.     

活性污泥胞外聚合物提取动力学模型

为研究活性污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)提取过程中各参数间的基本关系及优化EPS提取过程,建立了EPS提取过程中浓度随时间变化的动力学模型,并通过前人研究数据和本次试验数据对模型进行验证.结果表明,模型对一些经典文献中的数据拟合效果较好,拟合系数(R2)均大于0.94.对MLSS为(1064.47±298.70)mg/L,MLVSS为(822±147)mg/L的活性污泥进行EPS提取, TOC和蛋白质的拟合效果较好,但多糖和DNA的拟合效果不理想.该模型可以大致估算试验中EPS的最大提取量及任一时间的EPS产量.     

碱性阴离子交换纤维处理印染废水的研究

采用自制的弱碱性阴离子交换纤维处理含活性染料的印染废水,研究了该方法的处理效果及其影响因素。结果表明:弱碱性阴离子交换纤维处理含活性染料的印染废水有良好的效果,接枝率为70%～80%的离子交换纤维处理效果最佳。离子交换纤维用量、pH、反应温度和反应时间对处理效果有重要影响。初步探讨了离子交换纤维的脱色机理。     

春季大亚湾海域沉积物-海水界面营养盐的交换速率

2007年4月应用实验室培养法研究了大亚湾海域沉积物-海水界面营养盐的交换速率(ν)和交换通量(F),并与间隙水分子扩散模型计算结果进行了对比。结果表明,νDIN变化范围为304.21~441.92μmol/m2.d,平均为368.05μmol/m2.d,νPO4-P变化范围为27.08~110.21μmol/m2.d,平均为48.64μmol/m2.d,νSiO3-Si变化范围为1878.10~6024.40μmol/m2.d,平均为3653.84μmol/m2.d。与间隙水分子扩散模型计算结果相比较,两者之间存在数量级的差异。产生差异的原因在于,间隙水分子扩散模型在浅水海湾中应用时没有考虑到沉积物底栖生物活动以及风浪扰动等因素的影响。大亚湾海域春季FDIN/SE为2.03×107mol,FPO4-Pi/SE为2.68×106mol,FSiO3-Si/SE为2.02×108mol,为维持大亚湾春季的初级生产力,沉积物交换过程可提供约10%的DIN、21%的PO4-P和98%的SiO3-Si。     

钢制药筒点状腐蚀加速试验方法研究

通过对钢制药筒的腐蚀试验研究,在“二次浸渍法”的基础上,提出了“渗透、腐蚀、显示”合而为一的钢制药筒点状腐蚀加速试验方法——单液浸渍法。该方法以NaCl为腐蚀剂,以铁氰化钾为显示剂,采用醋酸一醋酸钠缓冲溶液,控制pH值在4．1左右,只要试验2h,甚至0．5h,在试样的缺陷处即可产生蓝点;适用于各类涂层防腐材料耐点状腐蚀性能的加速试验和评价。     

土壤阳离子交换量的测定方法

土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)的测定具有分析步骤繁琐、分析周期长等特点,为了提高分析效率,缩短分析周期,我们做了一系列的条件试验,目的是为了加快样品的分析速度,保证样品分析质量。     

人民币汇率变动对我国进出口贸易的影响研究

随着我国加入WTO和对外开放水平的提高,人民币汇率变动对我国甚至世界贸易都会产生重大影响,因而越来越多地受到各方面的关注.笔者结合当前人民币汇率制度改革的发展历程,分析测定人民币汇率变动对我国贸易的影响并提出了政策建议.表2,参10.     

Thermodynamic and kinetic studies on Cs+- and Sr2+-exchange in natural zeolite from Akita,Japan

Thermodynamic and kinetic studies on the adsorption of Cs⁺ and Sr²⁺ by Na-exchanged clinoptilolite-rich zeolite rock from Akita (Northern Japan) were performed for the purpose of nuclear waste treatment. The thermodynamic parameters such as selectivity coefficient, thermodynamic equilibrium constant, and standard free energy of exchange were evaluated. These values indicated that the selectivity order was determined as Cs⁺ > Na⁺ > Sr²⁺. In order to discuss the adsorption mechanism of Cs⁺ and Sr²⁺ onto Na-exchanged clinoptilolite, the effective diffusion coefficients were calculated and two kinetic models, pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic model, were tested. For all systems studied, chemisorption seems significant in the rate-controlling step, and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model provided the best correlation of the experimental data.     

Defluoridation of drinking water using Al3+-modified bentonite clay: optimization of fluoride adsorption conditions

Al³⁺-bentonite clay (Alum-bent) was prepared by ion exchange of base cations on the matrices of bentonite clay. Intercalation of bentonite clay with Al³⁺ was performed in batch experiments. Parameters optimized include time, dosage, and Al³⁺ concentration. Physicochemical characterization of raw and modified bentonite clay was done by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry attached to scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, cation exchange capacity (CEC) by ammonium acetate method, and pH_pzc by solid addition method. Chemical constituents of water were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), ion selective electrode (Crison 6955 Fluoride selective electrode) and a Crison multimeter probe. For fluoride removal, the effect of contact time, adsorbent dosage, adsorbate concentration, and pH were evaluated in batch procedures. The adsorption capacity of fluoride by modified bentonite clay was observed to be 5.7 mg g^?1 at (26 ± 2) °C room temperature. Maximum adsorption of fluoride was optimum at 30 min, 1 g of dosage, 60 mg L^?1 of adsorbate concentration, pH 2–12, and 1:100 solid/liquid (S/L) ratios. Kinetic studies revealed that fluoride adsorption fitted well to pseudo-second-order model than pseudo first order. Adsorption data fitted well to both the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms, hence, confirming monolayer and multilayer adsorption. Alum-bent showed good stability in removing fluoride from ground water to below the prescribed limit as stipulated by World Health Organization. As such, it can be concluded that Alum-bent is a potential defluoridation adsorbent which can be applied in fabrication of point of use devices for defluoridation of fluoride-rich water in rural areas of South Africa and other developing countries. Based on that, this comparative study proves that Alum-bent is a promising adsorbent with a high adsorption capacity for fluoride and can be a substitute for conventional defluoridation methods.     

In vitro assessment of genotoxic and oxidative effects of zinc borate

Zinc borate is used as flame retardant for plastics and cellulose fibers, paper, rubber, and textiles. Despite its wide industrial use, there is limited information concerning its toxicity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the concentration dependence (0–280 mg L^?1) of its genotoxic activity on cultured human lymphocytes by using sister chromatid exchange and chromosomal aberration assays. Total antioxidant capacity and the extent of oxidative stress were also determined. Zinc borate was found to be non-genotoxic at all tested concentrations. It exhibited antioxidant activity at concentrations lower than 40 mg L^?1, and total oxidative stress levels were not changed at any applied concentration of zinc borate.