离子交换耦合膜分离技术回用电镀废水中Cr(Ⅵ)技术研究

为实现电镀废水中6价铬离子(Cr(Ⅵ))回用,将纳滤技术与离子交换技术耦合,建立了1 m3/h中试试验装置.含Cr(Ⅵ)废水经离子交换纤维吸附处理,出水Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度≤0.08 mg/L,可达标排放;将离子交换纤维吸附饱和后再生,获得5 000 mg/L以上Cr(Ⅵ)浓缩液,同时含有Cl-.采用纳滤膜处理该浓缩液,将Cr(Ⅵ)与C1-分离.对比研究了运行压力和离子质量浓度对分离效果的影响,由此筛选较适宜膜产品.结果表明:进水Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度为3 680 mg/L,Cl-质量浓度为16 049 mg/L,运行压力为0.7 MPa,Cr(Ⅵ)截留率为80％,Cl-完全透过;溶液pH=8和pH=11时纳滤膜对Cr(Ⅵ)、Cl-分离效果无显著差异;经过60d试验纳滤膜的脱盐性能无衰减.将离子交换与纳滤技术耦合,连续运行,能获得Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度为3 200 mg/L、Cl-质量浓度为20 mg/L的浓缩液.研究表明,集成工艺整体可行,具有潜在应用价值.     

离子交换树脂处理钢铁钝化含铬废水的研究

针对钢铁钝化含铬废水污染,采用弱碱阴离子交换树脂进行了系统的研究,通过静态试验考查了pH值、振荡时间和离子交换树脂用量的影响,使用反应柱动态试验法研究了树脂的再生,得到了令人满意的结果。     

脱硫废液电渗析法再生用膜的研究

通过对脱硫废液电渗析再生用膜的探讨,说明了离子交换膜的理论、制法和性能.对电渗析所采用之膜的性能特点和制备工艺作了分析.     

An Empirical Investigation of the Influence of Safety Climate on Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Taiwan’s Facilities

Although the social exchange relationships between employers and employees are increasingly important to the performance of safety management systems, the psychological effects of work attitudes on this relationship have been less studied. Using a sample of first-line operators and their supervisors from 188 facilities in Taiwan which had Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series 18000 (OHSAS 18000) certification, the current research conducted an empirical investigation of the influence of safety climate on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Work attitude was used to disclose the psychological effect. Research results indicated that (a) safety climate was a significant predicator of OCB, (b) the psychological effect significantly influenced social exchange relationships, and (c) job satisfaction showed a stronger mediating influence than organizational commitment due to the frequent top management turnover. Discussions and implications are also addressed.     

离子交换技术在重金属废水处理中的应用

重金属废水由于所含重金属对人类和环境的危害,需要对其进行处理。化学沉淀法被广泛应用于重金属废水的处理过程,但采用化学沉淀法处理重金属废水时,会产生大量的重金属污泥,需要妥善处理或处置。离子交换技术处理重金属废水,既可实现废水中重金属的去除,有可回收废水中的重金属,避免化学沉淀法处理重金属废水时产生大量的污泥。离子交换树脂对废水中重金属离子的选择性分离,可以更好的实现废水中重金属离子的处理和重金属离子的回收。     

复极性三维电极电解法去除表面活性剂的研究

对复极性三维电极电解法处理阴离子表面活性剂废水进行了正交试验的研究,探讨了反应动力学及反应机理,结果表明该法是处理表面活性剂废水的有效方法。最佳的运行参数是填料为活性炭和玻璃珠体积比为2:1的混合填料,LAS初始浓度C0=250mg/L,pH=2,U=30V,t=60min,在该工况下LAS去除率可达90.6%。该法降解LAS的反应符合二级动力学。LAS的氧化降解的反应历程分为两步:LAS先被氧化降解为小分子的有机物(中间产物),接着,中间产物被无机化。经过120min的电解反应,中间产物的残留量较少。UV光谱分析证明石墨电极电解体系能够将LAS中的苯基氧化破坏。     

阳离子交换膜对Cu~（2＋）离子交换的动力学及热力学研究

对阳离子交换膜离子交换Cu2＋的动力学及热力学现象进行了研究,结果表明：温度25℃,溶液pH=6时,干膜对Cu2＋饱和交换容量为0.506 mmol/g;随Cu2＋初始浓度的升高,离子交换速率常数随之增加;随温度升高,离子交换速率常数随之增加;随转速升高,离子交换速率常数随之增加;离子交换过程与一级反应速率方程拟合结果良好;△G0〈0,表明离子交换反应能自发进行;△H0m〉0,表明的交换反应为吸热反应;△S0〉0,表明交换反应是熵变增加的反应。     

Effects of field-applied composted cattle manure and chemical fertilizer on ammonia and particulate ammonium exchanges at an upland field

The present study aimed to investigate the NH₃ volatilization loss from field-applied compost and chemical fertilizer and evaluate the atmosphere–land exchange of NH₃ and particulate NH₄⁺ (pNH₄) at an upland field with volcanic ash soil (Andosol) in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Two-step basal fertilization was conducted on the bare soil surface. First, a moderately fermented compost of cattle manure was applied by surface incorporation (mixing depth, 0–15 cm) at a rate of 117 kg N ha⁻¹ as total nitrogen (T-N) corresponding to 9.9 kg N ha⁻¹ as ammoniacal nitrogen (NH₄–N). Twelve days later, a chemical fertilizer containing 10% (w/w) of NH₄–N as a mixture of ammonium sulfate and ammonium phosphates was applied by row placement (cover depth, 3 cm) at a rate of 100 kg N ha⁻¹ as NH₄–N. The study period was divided into the first-half, beginning after the compost application (CCM period), and the second-half, beginning after the chemical fertilizer application (CF period). The mean air concentrations of NH₃ and pNH₄ (1.5 m height) were 7.6 and 3.0 μg N m⁻³, respectively, in the CCM period; the values were 3.7 and 3.9 μg N m⁻³, respectively, in the CF period. The composition ratios of NH₃ to the sum of NH₃ and pNH₄ (1.5 m height) were 72% and 49% in the CCM and CF periods, respectively. The NH₃ volatilization loss from the compost was 0.8% of the applied T-N (or 9.3% of the applied NH₄–N) and that from the chemical fertilizer was near zero. Excluding the period immediately after the compost application, the upland field acted as a net sink for NH₃ and pNH₄.     

Genotoxicity of water from the Songhua River, China, in 1994-1995 and 2002-2003: Potential risks for human health

A previous study showed that the cancer mortalities are higher for residents who lived nearby the Songhua River heavily polluted by organic contamination. It is important to determine its risk of carcinogenic potential. Short-term genotoxic bio-assays using Salmonella, Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE), and Micronuclei (MN) assays were employed to examine the genotoxic activity of ether extracts of water samples taken from the Songhua River. The results of the Salmonella bioassay indicated that there were indirect frame-shift mutagens in the water samples. A dose-response relationship for the SCE and MN assays was obtained. These results showed that organic extracts of water samples have genotoxic activity and the risk of carcinogenic potential to human health. The mutagenesis of water samples had changed compared to the results in 1994-1995. An increasing trend of risk of carcinogenic potential in the Songhua River after ten years should be noted and needs to be studied further.     

铜、锌氰配合物在离子交换纤维上的扩散、吸附机理

运用Boyd液膜扩散公式和范山鹰等提出的扩散模型,考察了碱性溶液中铜、锌氰配合物在离子交换纤维上的扩散行为;通过分析吸附前后纤维上官能团的位置变化以及解吸前后纤维上元素含量的变化,研究铜、锌氰配合物在纤维上的吸附机理。实验结果表明,离子交换纤维对铜、锌配合物的吸附在反应初期,以液膜扩散为主控制步骤,反应后期,以空隙扩散为主控制步骤。并运用离子交换纤维在水溶液中具有类似胶体型物质的双电层结构解释了不同控制阶段吸附速率不同的原因,虽然各阶段吸附速率有所不同,但纤维对铜、锌氰配合物的吸附均为离子交换机制。