Z型管道中气体火焰传播规律的实验研究

本文实验研究了丙烷／氧气／空气的当量比气体燃烧火焰通过两个90°弯管形成的“z”型管道的传播规律,通过改变第一个弯管前加速段的长度和改变气体浓度,实验研究了稳定爆轰波,非稳定爆轰波以及爆燃火焰通过“z”型管道的传播规律。利用光电传感器记录弯管前后的火焰传播速度,运用燃烧理论和爆轰波的理论对实验结果做了分析。结果表明:稳定爆轰波通过“z”型管道时传播速度有明显的下降;但“z”型管道对非稳定爆轰波的传播作用受到非稳定爆轰波自身速度的影响;爆燃火焰通过“z”型管道时火焰传播速度的变化呈现不确定性。     

Variations in Epilimnion Thickness in Small Boreal Shield Lakes: Relationships with Transparency, Weather and Acidification

We used multiple linear regression analysis to investigate relationships between late-summer epilimnion thickness, transparency, lake area, acidity and summer weather conditions in a large ($n = 116$) multi-year data set for 9 small Boreal Shield lakes. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was the best individual predictor of late summer epilimnion thickness ($r^{2} = 0.69$). Total chlorophyll~$a$, the number of days between ice-out and late-summer stratification, and lake area collectively explained an additional 14% of the variation in epilimnion thickness. The three attributes of summer weather that we examined, mean daily temperature, mean daily wind speed, and mean daily hours of bright sunshine, did not add to the predictive ability of our regression model. Lake acidity also did not add directly to the predictive ability of the model, likely because DOC concentrations already reflected the effects of pH. Our study supports an increasing body of evidence indicating that the dominant effects of climate change on lake thermal structure in small lakes will be through effects on processes that affect lake transparency.     

涟钢烧结厂成品仓除尘系统的改造

涟钢烧结厂成品仓扩建,老除尘器处理能力有限,无法达到除尘效果,必须改造.长袋低压脉冲袋式除尘器具有清灰能力强,喷吹压力低,过滤风速大,运行能耗低,换袋方便,维修简单等特点,运用于此除尘系统中,取得了良好的除尘效果.     

Dissolved oxygen sag analysis for a settling fields overlapping type multi-wastewater-outfall

The classical Streeter–Phelps models for Dissolved oxygen (DO) sag do not account for a significantly settleable portion (about 10% in treated to about 60% in the untreated wastewater discharged) of the total biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) inputs into rivers through wastewater outfalls, and therefore, they can not be used to predict the DO sag to any accuracy and rationality. The author’s rationally composited model for an accurate prediction of stream BOD, accounting for near linear removal of settleable BOD as well as simultaneous exponential decay of the non-settleable BOD, is used to predict the DO sag resulting from a multi-wastewater-outfall system, wherein the settling fields of some of the outfalls interfere and overlap. An illustrative case example has been presented to demonstrate use of the models evolved under varying locations of the multi-wastewater-outfalls. A universal and integrated PC based computer program can also be evolved for the computation of the overall resultant DO sag to confirm the manually computed DO sag.     

Sustainable farming practices of the Chinese mitten crab (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eriocheir sinensis)</Emphasis> around Hongze Lake,lower Yangtze River Basin,China

Results of a survey of 156 Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) grow-out farms around Hongze Lake (118.48–118.72°E; 33.36–33.38°N) are reported. Area farmed has remained relatively unchanged but production (59 932 t in 2012) increased steadily over the last 7 years, indicative of the viability and sustainability of the farming system that has gradually replaced intensive Chinese major carp polyculture around Hongze Lake. Results showed that production range was 135–2400 kg ha⁻¹ cycle⁻¹ (mean 1144 ± 34). Crab yields correlated linearly to stocking density and conformed to a normal distribution curve, with 66.7 % of farms yielding 900 kg ha⁻¹ cycle⁻¹ or more. Yield was negatively correlated to pond size and capture size (p < 0.01), and farms with macrophyte coverage rate lower than 30 % of water surface were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those exceeding 30 %.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0722-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

北京市酸雨变化趋势及成因分析

1993-2002年中国气象局酸雨观测站网在北京地区有两个观测站,2003年增至3个。根据北京3个酸雨观测站的有关资料,研究了北京市酸雨变化的特征及成因。研究结果表明:第一,1993-2007年北京地区降水酸度呈现两个阶段,即1993-2002年降水酸度稳定在较弱水平,而2003-2008年呈逐年增强趋势。第二,与2003年以前相比,2003年以后硫酸根和硝酸根离子浓度均呈明显增加趋势,二者比值逐步下降并低于3,这表明北京乃至华北地区的酸雨已由硫酸型转为硫酸与硝酸并重型。第三,北京周边省、市二氧化硫年排放量的增加及钙离子和可吸入颗粒物浓度减少是近年来北京地区酸雨增强的人为原因。第四,气象条件是酸雨发生的主要动力因素。一般情况下,在地面风速较小的季节酸雨频率较高,850hPa高度为弱的偏南风或发生低层逆温时可促进酸雨的发生。此外降水量的大小也与酸雨有密切关系,24 h降水量达暴雨量级时酸雨频率最高。     

生态—水力学法在山区小型引水电站最小下泄流量计算中的应用

以川西某山区小型引水式电站为例,选择水深和流速为生境参数,以华鲮为生态保护目标,计算河道的最小生态需水量和对应的电站最小下泄流量,并与Tennant法、代表年法的计算结果对比。结果表明,生态水深0.12m对应的最小生态流量和Ten nant法的结果差异度为8.63%,较合理;生境参数标准值对计算结果影响显著;在选择合适的参数和参数标准值的前提下,生态—水力学法适用于山区小型河流。     

MA-2000型测汞仪直接测定环境水体中的汞

介绍了MA-2000型测汞仪测定环境水体中的汞,以氯化亚锡为还原剂,0．001％半胱氨酸为汞固定剂,在一定浓度范围内被测汞蒸汽在波长253．7nm紫外光下的吸收值与汞蒸汽浓度成正比。方法检出限0．006ng,精密度和准确度均满足水质监测实验室质量控制的要求。     

上海地区酸雨类型格局转变研究

采用STARS(Sequentialt-test analysis of regime shifts),以降水中SO24-、NO3-以及SO42-/NO3-为指标,研究了上海地区酸雨类型在1991～2006年的格局转变规律。上海地区降水中SO42-含量在1991～2006年具有两种格局,2004年发生转变;转变前的SO42-含量平均12.670mg/L,转变后SO42-含量大幅度降低,平均6.525mg/L;降水中NO3-含量存在3种格局,两次转变;1996年转变前的NO3-浓度相对较低,平均1.842mg/L;此次转变后升高,平均2.622mg/L;2005年再次发生转变,使得NO3-含量下降,平均1.998mg/L;与NO3-含量的格局类似,SO24-/NO3-也存在着3种格局,两次转变;1995年转变前,SO42-/NO3-平均7.316;此次格局转变后,SO42-/NO3-降为5.666;2000年的格局转变中SO24-/NO3-降为3.635。表明NO3-对酸雨的贡献逐渐增加,SO42-对酸雨的贡献逐渐减弱,酸雨类型逐渐由硫酸型酸雨过渡成硫酸和硝酸混合型酸雨,并逐渐接近硝酸型酸雨。上海地区酸雨类型格...     

三峡水库对区域气候影响的数值模拟分析

利用中尺度数值模式MM5V3模拟了三峡水库建成后,由于下垫面变化对区域气候的影响,并探讨了三峡水库的建成是否为引发社会广泛关注的高温干旱和低温雨雪冰冻灾害等极端天气的主要因素。研究表明:三峡水库的建成对当地气温具有海洋性效应,库区附近春季温度变低,夏季在水库下游气温升高、上游则气温降低,而冬季则以升温为主;春季降水变化主要位于库区沿线的南部山区,增雨带和减雨带相间分布,夏季降水量在三峡库区中上游地区和附近的山区呈增加趋势,在库区下游及附近地区降水呈减少趋势,冬季降水量减少,主要集中在大坝附近地区到三峡(巫山)段;春季库区的相对湿度增加,幅度多在0.5%～1.0%,夏季相对湿度的影响也存在正负两种效应,大坝上游库区附近相对湿度增加,大坝下游地区相对湿度降低,冬季变幅不大;三峡水利工程不是干旱、低温雨雪冰冻等极端天气出现的主因,它对极端天气事件的影响并不明显。