生态—水力学法在山区小型引水电站最小下泄流量计算中的应用

以川西某山区小型引水式电站为例,选择水深和流速为生境参数,以华鲮为生态保护目标,计算河道的最小生态需水量和对应的电站最小下泄流量,并与Tennant法、代表年法的计算结果对比。结果表明,生态水深0.12m对应的最小生态流量和Ten nant法的结果差异度为8.63%,较合理;生境参数标准值对计算结果影响显著;在选择合适的参数和参数标准值的前提下,生态—水力学法适用于山区小型河流。     

MA-2000型测汞仪直接测定环境水体中的汞

介绍了MA-2000型测汞仪测定环境水体中的汞,以氯化亚锡为还原剂,0．001％半胱氨酸为汞固定剂,在一定浓度范围内被测汞蒸汽在波长253．7nm紫外光下的吸收值与汞蒸汽浓度成正比。方法检出限0．006ng,精密度和准确度均满足水质监测实验室质量控制的要求。     

三峡水库对区域气候影响的数值模拟分析

利用中尺度数值模式MM5V3模拟了三峡水库建成后,由于下垫面变化对区域气候的影响,并探讨了三峡水库的建成是否为引发社会广泛关注的高温干旱和低温雨雪冰冻灾害等极端天气的主要因素。研究表明:三峡水库的建成对当地气温具有海洋性效应,库区附近春季温度变低,夏季在水库下游气温升高、上游则气温降低,而冬季则以升温为主;春季降水变化主要位于库区沿线的南部山区,增雨带和减雨带相间分布,夏季降水量在三峡库区中上游地区和附近的山区呈增加趋势,在库区下游及附近地区降水呈减少趋势,冬季降水量减少,主要集中在大坝附近地区到三峡(巫山)段;春季库区的相对湿度增加,幅度多在0.5%～1.0%,夏季相对湿度的影响也存在正负两种效应,大坝上游库区附近相对湿度增加,大坝下游地区相对湿度降低,冬季变幅不大;三峡水利工程不是干旱、低温雨雪冰冻等极端天气出现的主因,它对极端天气事件的影响并不明显。     

上海地区酸雨类型格局转变研究

采用STARS(Sequentialt-test analysis of regime shifts),以降水中SO24-、NO3-以及SO42-/NO3-为指标,研究了上海地区酸雨类型在1991～2006年的格局转变规律。上海地区降水中SO42-含量在1991～2006年具有两种格局,2004年发生转变;转变前的SO42-含量平均12.670mg/L,转变后SO42-含量大幅度降低,平均6.525mg/L;降水中NO3-含量存在3种格局,两次转变;1996年转变前的NO3-浓度相对较低,平均1.842mg/L;此次转变后升高,平均2.622mg/L;2005年再次发生转变,使得NO3-含量下降,平均1.998mg/L;与NO3-含量的格局类似,SO24-/NO3-也存在着3种格局,两次转变;1995年转变前,SO42-/NO3-平均7.316;此次格局转变后,SO42-/NO3-降为5.666;2000年的格局转变中SO24-/NO3-降为3.635。表明NO3-对酸雨的贡献逐渐增加,SO42-对酸雨的贡献逐渐减弱,酸雨类型逐渐由硫酸型酸雨过渡成硫酸和硝酸混合型酸雨,并逐渐接近硝酸型酸雨。上海地区酸雨类型格...     

Ammonia volatilization loss from surface applied livestock manure

Ammonia (NH₃) emission from livestock manures used in agriculture reduces N uptake by crops and negatively impacts air quality. This laboratory study was conducted to evaluate NH₃emission from different livestock manures applied to two soils: Candler fins sand (CFS; light-textured soil, pH 6.8 and field capacity soil water content of 70 g kg^{? 1}) from Lake Alfred, Florida and Ogeechee loamy sand (OLS; medium-textured soil, pH 5.2 and field capacity soil water content of 140 g kg^{? 1}) from Savannah, Georgia. Poultry litter (PL) collected from a poultry farm near Douglas, Georgia, and fresh solid separate of swine manure (SM) collected from a farm near Clinton, North Carolina were used. Each of the soil was weighed in 100 g sub samples and amended with either PL or SM at rates equivalent to either 0, 2.24, 5.60, 11.20, or 22.40 Mg ha^{? 1} in 1L Mason jars and incubated in the laboratory at field capacity soil water content for 19 days to monitor NH₃ volatilization. Results indicated a greater NH₃ loss from soils amended with SM compared to that with PL. The cumulative NH₃volatilization loss over 19 days ranged from 4 to 27% and 14 to 32% of total N applied as PL and SM, respectively. Volatilization of NH₃ was greater from light-textured CFS than that from medium-textured OLS. Volatilization loss increased with increasing rates of manure application. Ammonia volatilization was lower at night time than that during the day time. Differences in major factors such as soil water content, temperature, soil type and live stock manure type influenced the diurnal variation in volatilization loss of NH₃ from soils. A significant portion (> 50%) of cumulative NH₃ emission over 19 d occurred during the first 5–7 d following the application of livestock manures. Results of this study demonstrate that application of low rates of livestock manure (≤ 5.60 Mg ha^{? 1}) is recommended to minimize NH₃ emissions.     

上海青浦区不同用地类型河流滨岸带生境及植物群落组成

按照工业用地、农业用地、交通用地、居住用地、绿地和荒地等6类不同用地类型,于上海青浦区选取河流滨岸带样点48个,研究不同用地类型对滨岸带生境及植物群落组成的影响。研究发现：(1)目前该地区河流滨岸带生境优劣程度为：荒地>绿地>农业用地>交通用地>居住区>工业用地。这主要是由于在不同用地类型下人们对河岸类型、滨岸带几何形态以及原有植被的影响所造成。(2)目前该地区河流滨岸带有植物51科118种,平均丰富度水平绿地最高,工业用地最低。从植物的生活型与来源方面看,6类用地类型下的河流滨岸带植物群落组成存在显著差异。工业用地受人为影响强度较大,外来入侵植物比例高达27.22%;农业用地草本平均数量11.75种,为6类用地类型中最高水平;交通用地与居住用地表现出较大人工引种植物比例,分别为37.77%和49.97%;绿地有相对均衡的乔灌草比例,人工引种植物占所有植物的64.05%;荒地缺乏乔木与灌木类型,自然分布植物比例最高,为69.94%。
     

Residual veterinary antibiotics in swine manure from concentrated animal feeding operations in Shandong Province, China

The scientific interest in the occurrence and fate of antibiotics in animal husbandry has increased during the past decades because of the emergence and development of antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic bacteria. This study developed a method for simultaneous detection of five sulfonamides, three tetracyclines and one macrolide in swine manure with stable recoveries (73.0-110.6%) and high sensitivity (limit of quantification <90 μg kg⁻¹). Thereafter, a total of 126 swine manure samples, collected from 21 concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) in Shandong Province of China during summer and winter, were analyzed. The potential influences of different sampling seasons, swine types and food sources on residual antibiotic concentrations were examined in detail. The maximum concentration of residual antibiotic could reach up to 764.4 mg kg⁻¹ (chlortetracycline), and the detection frequencies were 84.9-96.8% for tetracyclines, 0.8-51.6% for sulfonamides and 4.8% for macrolide. These data reveal that antibiotics were extensively used in CAFOs in this district and the manure may act as a non-specific source of antibiotic residue in farmlands and aquatic environments.     

卫星遥感在大雾生消动态监测中的应用

利用ＧＭＳ－５静止气象卫星资料,研究大雾生消动态遥感监测方法,并用此方法对沪宁高速公路大雾进行实时监测,取得了较好的效果。     

Assessment of Global Weather Disasters in 2000

1 Climate background Although the La Nina event caused the decrease of the mean temperature in the tropical regions of the Pacific Ocean, the year 2000 had remained one of the hottest since 1860 when records of the global mean temperature began. The temperature in the areas to the north of 20扤 from December 1999 to November 2000 marked the second warmest in history. The mean temperature of the global surface in 2000 was 0. 60C above the average during the period 1880?999, and was close to …     

脆弱带坝上后山地区沙漠化因子波动的空间类型与耦合

利用经验正交函数（EOF）法,确定了生态脆弱带内蒙乌盟后山河北坝上地区年降水、气候产量、牲畜增减变化、气候风蚀力和年大风日数等5类沙漠化因子波动的空间类型。各因子典型场在空间格局、变化方向上极为相似,只是年大风日数相对特别一些,通过分型归纳,将波动的空间类型化为3型6类。A型为全区域变化同步,B型代表河北坝上与内蒙变化反向,C型反映中部的内蒙农牧交错带同北部的乌盟、锡盟草原以及东南部的河北坝上变化反向。围绕与沙漠化的关系,可将各因子1960－1980年逐年的空间耦合类型分为协调型、脆弱型和中间型3种。依据波动的空间类型,可建立地区粮食、牲畜在极端灾害年区域间的协调救助模式。