比较法视域下我国环境影响评价程序构造的流变与省思

我国最初创设的环境影响评价程序构造是将美国“独立程序型”设计理念嵌入具有行政法色彩的“前置程序型”模式下,形成了具有中国特色的“独立+前置型”构造模式。实践中,其成效与争议并存。随着“放管服”改革的推进,《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》围绕行政审批事项进行了多处调整与修正,这些变革使已然成型且日渐成熟的“独立+前置型”程序构造随之转向,由此也引发了诸多争论。对此,本文基于不同程序构造模式的特点及我国环境影响评价程序构造的生成与流变,解析现行模式下的缺漏不足,并建议我国应从“环境影响评价审批”与“项目许可”之间的联动衔接、环境影响评价资讯与公众参与、评价过程及其结论的监督与救济等方面加以优化和完善。     

Dissolved oxygen sag analysis for a settling fields overlapping type multi-wastewater-outfall

The classical Streeter–Phelps models for Dissolved oxygen (DO) sag do not account for a significantly settleable portion (about 10% in treated to about 60% in the untreated wastewater discharged) of the total biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) inputs into rivers through wastewater outfalls, and therefore, they can not be used to predict the DO sag to any accuracy and rationality. The author’s rationally composited model for an accurate prediction of stream BOD, accounting for near linear removal of settleable BOD as well as simultaneous exponential decay of the non-settleable BOD, is used to predict the DO sag resulting from a multi-wastewater-outfall system, wherein the settling fields of some of the outfalls interfere and overlap. An illustrative case example has been presented to demonstrate use of the models evolved under varying locations of the multi-wastewater-outfalls. A universal and integrated PC based computer program can also be evolved for the computation of the overall resultant DO sag to confirm the manually computed DO sag.     

Evaluating and Extending CLIGEN Precipitation Generation for the Loess Plateau of China1

Abstract: Climate generator (CLIGEN) is widely used in the United States to generate long‐term climate scenarios for use with agricultural systems models. Its applicability needs to be evaluated for use in a new region or climate. The objectives were to: (1) evaluate the reproducibility of the latest version of CLIGEN v5.22564 in generating daily, monthly, and yearly precipitation depths at 12 stations, as well as storm patterns including storm duration (D), relative peak intensity (ip), and peak intensity (rp) at 10 stations dispersed across the Loess Plateau and (2) test whether an exponential distribution for generating D and a distribution‐free approach for inducing desired rank correlation between precipitation depth and D can improve storm pattern generations. Mean absolute relative errors (MAREs) for simulating daily, monthly, annual, and annual maximum daily precipitation depth across all 12 stations were 3.5, 1.7, 1.7, and 5.0% for the mean and 5.0, 4.5, 13.0, and 13.6% for the standard deviations (SD), respectively. The model reproduced the distributions of monthly and annual precipitation depths well (p > 0.3), but the distribution of daily precipitation depth was less well produced. The first‐order, two‐state Markov chain algorithm was adequate for generating precipitation occurrence for the Loess Plateau of China; however, it underpredicted the longest dry periods. The CLIGEN‐generated storm patterns poorly. It underpredicted mean and SD of D for storms ≥10 mm by ?60.4 and ?72.6%, respectively. Compared with D, ip, and rp were slightly better reproduced. The MAREs of mean and SD were 21.0 and 52.1% for ip, and 31.2 and 55.2% for rp, respectively. When an exponential distribution was used to generate D, MAREs were reduced to 2.6% for the mean and 7.8% for the SD. However, ip estimation became much worse with MAREs being 128.9% for the mean and 241.1% for the SD. Overall, storm pattern generation needs improvement. For better storm pattern generation for the region, precipitation depth, D, and rp may be generated correlatively using Copula methods.     

火力发电厂烟囱选型

以铁岭发电厂二期2×600MW超超临界机组工程240m烟囱型式的选择为例,在简要介绍烟囱的一般型式、烟囱的选型原则和国内烟囱选型情况的基础上,进行比选并确定最终方案。     

云南省楚雄州生态功能区划研究

生态功能区划是实施区域生态环境保护、建设和科学管理的基础。以云南省生态功能区划方案为背景,利用遥感和GIS等先进的空间模拟技术,综合考虑自然因素与人为因素的影响,形成楚雄州生态功能区划方案,将楚雄州划分为2个一级生态区、9个二级生态亚区、17个三级生态功能区。在完成生态功能区划的基础上,根据人与自然相互关系的基本格局和宏观生态环境管理的需要,将不同类型的生态功能区进行统筹和归并,把楚雄州划分为农产品提供生态功能区、林产品提供生态功能区、生物多样性保护生态功能区、水土保持生态功能区、水源涵养生态功能区、城镇农业与居住生态功能区,并对各生态功能类型区进行了概述,阐明各区存在的主要生态问题和生态保护的主要方向。     

论江西洪涝灾害

在调查研究的基础上 ,依据大量历史资料 ,对建国 50 a年来江西洪涝灾害发生的类型、面积及其造成的严重损失进行了分析 ,并提出了防御洪涝灾害的对策和措施 ,对减轻江西洪涝灾害 ,实现全省农业跨世纪的持续发展具有指导意义     

浸没板式MBR处理生活污水造成膜堵塞的关键因素

采用浸没板式膜生物反应器对大学学生宿舍与食堂混合排水进行处理,试验系统应用A/O工艺,设置硝化槽与反硝化槽,日处理生活污水4 m3.当进水ρ(BOD₅)和ρ(COD_Cr)分别为90～450和120～900 mg/L时,出水ρ(BOD₅)和ρ(CODCr)分别为5～25和8～45 mg/L,去除率均较高.同时对膜污染进行了试验研究,阐述了ρ(MLSS),污泥粒径分布以及原水成分造成膜污染的机理.发现污泥粒径分布随ρ(MLSS)变化而发生改变,当ρ(MLSS)达到20.000 g/L以上时,污泥粒径明显减小,同时可导致膜污染的细微颗粒分布相对增高,这一现象得到ρ(MLSS)超过20.000 g/L时膜污染加剧的试验验证.      

2次降雨间隔时间对城市地表径流污染负荷的影响

2003～2005年通过对武汉市十里铺集水区12次降雨径流的水量和水质过程监测,研究了城市降雨径流污染负荷同2次降雨间隔时间的关系,探讨了城市地表状况、排水系统管理以及降雨特征在城市降雨径流污染负荷形成中的作用.结果表明,城市降雨径流污染负荷受2次降雨间隔时间和降雨径流量的共同影响.2次降雨间隔时间与初期降雨径流污染负荷存在显著的正相关关系 (p<0.01).汉阳地区城市地表卫生管理差和雨、污合流制的排水系统是城市径流污染负荷形成的主要原因.可以利用2次降雨间隔时间和降雨径流量预测城市降雨径流污染负荷.加强城市地表卫生管理和排水系统的管理,降低污染物在晴天累积的程度,从源头上减少污染物的数量,是有效控制城市降雨径流污染的首先途径.     

适用于焚烧飞灰卫生填埋场共处置的浸出毒性鉴别程序研究

选取2种代表性垃圾焚烧飞灰,通过常规酸中和容量浸出实验和多级浸取实验,研究了酸中和容量消耗和浸出液pH值的变化规律.结果表明,现有的单批次浸出毒性鉴别程序对飞灰的酸中和容量消耗程度低,浸出液pH值高,不利于评价飞灰中重金属的潜在危险性.对比常规酸中和容量浸取实验和多级浸取实验结果,得出在垃圾焚烧飞灰与生活垃圾共处置情景（过流系统）下,中和过程与洗出过程同时发生,飞灰中有1/3左右的碱性物质参与了中和反应.在合理设定卫生填埋场参数的基础上,通过模拟计算,提出了适用于我国卫生填埋场飞灰共处置情景的浸出程序,其主要参数为：浸取液为乙酸溶液,酸度（以H⁺计）为0.3　mol·L^-1（pH=2.64）,液固比（L/S）为20.该浸出毒性鉴别程序可为我国垃圾焚烧飞灰的安全处置提供有效管理和可靠保障.     

2019年锡林郭勒盟肉羊天气指数型保险浅析——以内蒙古西乌珠穆沁旗为例

天气指数型保险是一种创新型保险,肉羊天气指数型保险以牲畜草料为保险标的,为牧民提供因旱灾、雪灾所造成的肉羊饲养成本增长及因天气灾害致损的保险保障和风险对冲,即每当天气达到气象灾害标准时统一按投保合同中数量进行赔付.同时,天气指数型保险的实施也大大降低了保险公司查勘定损的成本和被保险人道德风险的危害.2019年,肉羊天气...