Natural Weathering of Polypropylene and Waste Tire Dust (PP/WTD) Blends

Three series of polypropylene and waste tire dust (PP/WTD) blends using three different WTD sizes were prepared, compression-molded and cut into dumbbells. The specimens were exposed to natural weathering in the northern part of Malaysia for a period of 6 months. The results show that at the same blend composition, blends with fine WTD size exhibit higher mechanical properties than that of blends with coarse WTD after exposure to natural weathering. Regardless of WTD size, the retention of tensile strength and elongation at break, E_b increases with the increase in WTD content. From the exposed surface morphology, it is apparent that the blends with fine WTD and WTD-rich blends were able to withstand weathering better than blends with coarse WTD and PP-rich blends. The DSC thermograms suggest that the overall drop in melting temperature (T_m) of the exposed blends decreases as the WTD content increases.     

涂膜耐候钢大气暴露及锈层结构的研究

涂膜JT345耐候钢在青岛、沈阳、北京等地大气环境下曝晒2年,表现出良好的耐腐蚀性能,采用电子探针、X射线衍射等对大气挂片锈层形貌、结构、组成进行了分析,发现JT345耐候钢表面锈层主要由γ-FeOOH、α-FeOOH和Fe3O4组成.改性涂层处理可加速耐候钢表面生成致密保护性锈层,该锈层中富集大量的Cr、Cu、P等.     

华南大东山花岗岩地质背景区土壤铊来源及富集特征研究

通过对粤湘赣交界处大东山花岗岩体及其上发育的风化土壤进行野外地质调查、主微量元素和铊(Tl)形态含量分析研究,初步揭示华南花岗岩风化成土过程中Tl的迁移富集规律。研究结果表明：(1)大东山花岗岩及其风化土壤的Tl含量明显超出我国和世界自然土壤Tl含量背景值(～1 mg/kg),证实研究区土壤普遍存在Tl富集现象;(2)风化壳样品组分与花岗岩具有很好的地球化学继承性,是大东山花岗岩原位风化的产物,且母岩成分相对均一;(3)Tl主要为残渣态(> 75%),且Tl与Rb和K具有良好的正相关性,说明风化壳花岗岩和土壤中Tl分别主要存储在含钾硅酸盐矿物(黑云母和钾长石)和粘土矿物(如伊利石)晶格中;(4)质量迁移系数表明Tl在风化壳剖面上层被淋滤出,向下迁移,随后在淀积层发生沉淀、富集;(5)母质C层土壤中残渣态Tl含量与花岗岩相似,但占比明显低。因此,在花岗岩风化成土过程中,伴随着含钾原生矿物的分解,Tl可被释放到风化壳地表环境中进而富集,形成华南花岗岩地区土壤Tl富集现象,对区域土壤质量安全的影响值得关注。     

溢油来源和风化作用的有机地球化学表征

随着人们对原油需求和消耗的增加,生产和运输环节的溢油污染事故日趋严重。溢油源的准确鉴定可为溢油事故的调查和处理提供科学的证据。本文在综合国内外大量研究的基础上,从溢油源到溢油样品的整个溢油环节对表征溢油组成特征及变化的有机地球化学指标进行了阐述,为有机地球化学方法在溢油源鉴别中的实际应用提供科学依据。结合有机地球化学的发展趋势,提出油指纹分子级水平上的定量化(包括油指纹的数字化、诊断指标的分子化、混源的定量化和鉴定结果的多元统计分析等)是今后溢油源鉴别的发展方向。     

民用飞机防护体系加速试验谱研究

指出了民用飞机日历寿命的首翻期主要由飞机防护体系使用期限决定,分析了民用飞机防护体系失效机制和民用飞机防护体系腐蚀加速试验谱需要考虑的因素,提出了民用飞机防护体系腐蚀加速试验谱的基本构成,并给出了我国沿海湿热地区加速试验谱的具体条件和时间。     

云南金厂金矿床铬绢云母系列分类与地质意义

通过 5 7个电子探针分析、1个湿法化学全分析、3个中子活化分析、1个差热分析和 3个粉晶X射线衍射分析 ,首次将金厂金矿床铬绢云母系列划分为二个矿物类十个矿物种和三个生成世代 ,并总结出其成因矿物学特征 ,提出铬绢云母系列的生成与金矿的形成关系密切 ,铬绢云母系列是该区找金的重要标志     

羊卓雍错水体pH偏高的成因

羊卓雍错（简称“羊湖”）流域是我国生态环境保护的重点区域,但羊湖水体pH往往超标,令当地管理部门倍感压力.针对羊湖pH偏高的问题,利用地球化学方法,从水化学和流域风化的角度寻找相关线索,以揭示羊湖水体pH偏高的成因.结果表明:①羊湖水体pH在8.5~9.3之间,超标率为49%,同时具有季节性变化特征;而羊湖流域水源（包括地表水、地下水和冰川融水等）pH中间值为8.52,基本代表该流域水源pH的背景值.②羊湖流域水源水化学类型为Ca-HCO₃或Ca-SO₄,汇入羊湖经历长期蒸发浓缩和复杂地球化学过程后,水化学类型转化为Mg-SO₄.③羊湖流域不但存在碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩的风化,还有硫化物矿物风化特征.羊湖水体pH超标与羊湖流域水源无关,而是流域风化和其自身长期自然演化的结果.流域风化为羊湖水体提供的大量HCO₃-,是羊湖pH在特定条件下自然演化的物质基础.羊湖封闭型水动力学特征使HCO₃-滞留并累积在水体中,这为羊湖pH自然演化提供了一个必要条件.在长期蒸发浓缩过程中,水体中一部分HCO₃-转化为CO₃2-,导致水体pH逐渐上升,这是羊湖水体pH偏高的充分条件.简言之,羊湖pH偏高是流域风化、封闭型的水动力学和水体长期蒸发浓缩共同作用的结果.鉴于羊湖水体pH偏高是长期自然演化的结果,建议将pH从羊湖水质管理的考核指标中排除,以免造成不必要的管理成本和压力.      

岩溶流域洪水过程水化学动态变化及影响因素

岩溶流域河流水化学对暴雨/洪水过程有着快速响应,是岩溶碳循环的重要过程,不应忽视.本文通过2015年11月8～12日阳朔断面洪水过程水化学特征的动态监测,分析了各主要离子变化特征和影响因素,计算不同来源无机碳浓度和通量.结果表明,阳朔断面洪水过程各阶段水化学类型为Ca-HCO_3型.水化学离子主要源自碳酸盐岩风化,同时有硅酸盐岩风化、降雨及人类活动的贡献.洪水过程中,受控于水文过程,碳酸盐岩风化强度先急剧减弱后缓慢加强,HCO_3~-、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的浓度也呈现一致的变化趋势.而SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-、Na~+和K~+动态变化主要受大气降水和人类活动的影响.碳酸风化碳酸盐岩是无机碳的主要来源,平均占总无机碳74. 3%;因硫酸/硝酸的输入,硫酸/硝酸风化碳酸盐岩在洪水过程中对无机碳的贡献明显增加,最高可达31. 7%.阳朔断面地质碳汇通量在洪水前、第一次洪水过程和第二次洪水过程分别为1. 28×10~8、5. 28×10~8和11. 52×10~8g·d~(-1).洪水前地质碳汇通量与年平均通量相当,而洪水过程数倍于年平均通量.并且,因两次洪水过程碳酸盐岩风化强度存在显著差异,第一次洪水过程地质碳汇通量在相同流量情况下仅为第二次洪水过程的58%.     

Determination of the Burning Characteristics of a Slick of Oil on Water

The burning rate of a slick of oil on a water bed is characterized by three distinct processes, ignition, flame spread and burning rate. Although all three processes are important, ignition and burning rate are critical. The former, because it defines the potential to burn and the latter because of the inherent possibility of boilover. Burning rate is calculated by a simple expression derived from a one-dimensional heat conduction equation. Heat feedback from the flame to the surface is assumed to be a constant fraction of the total energy released by the combustion reaction. The constant fraction (χ) is named the burning efficiency and represents an important tool in assessing the potential of in situ burning as a counter-measure to an oil spill. By matching the characteristic thermal penetration length scale for the fuel/water system and an equivalent single layer system, a combined thermal diffusivity can be calculated and used to obtain an analytical solution for the burning rate. Theoretical expressions were correlated with crude oil and heating oil, for a number of pool diameters and initial fuel layer thickness. Experiments were also conducted with emulsified and weathered crude oil. The simple analytical expression describes well the effects of pool diameter and initial fuel layer thickness permitting a better observation of the effects of weathering, emulsification and net heat feedback to the fuel surface. Experiments showed that only a small fraction of the heat released by the flame is retained by the fuel layer and water bed (of the order of 1%). Ignition has been studied to provide a tool that will serve to assess a fuels ease to ignite under conditions that are representative of oil spills. Two different techniques are used, piloted ignition when the fuel is exposed to a radiant heat flux and flash point as measured by the ASTM D56 Tag Closed Cup Test. Two different crude oils were used for these experiments, ANS and Cook Inlet. Crude oils were tested in their natural state and at different levels of weathering, showing that piloted ignition and flash point are strong functions of weathering level.     

赣江河水主成分及锶同位素地球化学研究

于2007年11月,系统采集赣江流域枯水期河水样品22个,对其主要离子成份组成和锶同位素比值进行了分析测定,以期获得赣江流域化学风化过程及物质来源信息。研究结果显示,赣江流域河水的离子成分主要来源于硅酸岩和碳酸盐岩两端元混合组成的岩石和土壤的化学风化或溶解,且风化作用在近地表环境中进行。流域水体的化学组成基本代表了典型的硅酸岩地区河流的相应化学组成,显示出与碳酸盐岩地区河流及世界主要河流河水化学组成的差异性,如Si、Na、K等含量较高。其次,赣江河水还显示了受人类活动对水体化学组成的影响较大、以及大气CO2消耗率较高等特点。