Using biochemical and isotopic tracers to characterise organic matter sources and their incorporation into estuarine food webs (Rufiji delta,Tanzania)

Fatty acid biomarkers and stable isotope signatures were used to identify the sources of particulate and sedimentary organic matter and its input into the food web through the dominant consumer within the mangrove-dominated Rufiji estuary, Tanzania. Specific fatty acids were used to identify the preferred basal sources of dominant fauna (i.e. filter feeder bivalves, snails, crabs, shrimps, and three fish species), and their presence in the water and sediment samples in the estuary. Both fatty acid and stable isotope results revealed that food web in the Rufiji estuary depended on a variety of carbon sources (mangroves, allochthonous terrestrial inputs, macroalgae, and phytoplankton), contributing to a different degree into the diets of primary consumers and members of near-shore fish, but none of them were obligatory for the survival of these species. The δ¹⁵N values of major primary producers and consumers/predators revealed a trend for δ¹⁵N enrichment with increasing trophic level. The ratio of docosahexaenoic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA:EPA) decreased from pelagic to benthic feeding fish. This indicated that fish with different feeding modes derived their fatty acids from different primary sources of nutrition, and suggested that the DHA:EPA ratio may be a useful indicator of feeding mode.     

可持续交通消费的接受和使用行为研究——基于上海市汽车共享的调查

汽车共享作为中国新兴的可持续交通方式,如何成功的使消费者接受和使用,是研究的关键挑战。本文基于UTAUT2模型,选择上海市居民作为调查对象,发现价格价值对行为意向影响最大,其次为享乐动机、努力期望、绩效期望和便利条件,社群影响对行为意向影响不显著;行为意向和便利条件对使用行为有显著正面影响,便利条件对使用行为影响更大。进而,使用个人特征为调节变量(是否有私家车、网约车经验和婚姻状况)验证对模型路径的影响,绩效期望对行为意向的影响受到是否有车、网约车经验和婚姻状况三个因素的调节,无车、无网约车经验与未婚的受访者调节效应更强;便利条件对行为意向和使用行为的影响同时受到是否有车单个因素的调节,无车者的调节作用更强;价值价格对行为意向的影响受到婚姻状况的调节,未婚者的调节效应更强;行为意向对使用行为的影响受到是否有网约车经验的调节,无网约车经验的调节效应更强。基于汽车共享服务发展初期的市场调查,本文建议汽车共享企业应提前布局服务网络,扩大会员数量,宣传它与私家车相比的成本优势和共享的价值观,获得细分市场。     

A systematic survey of the integration of animal behavior into conservation

The role of behavioral ecology in improving wildlife conservation and management has been the subject of much recent debate. We sought to answer 2 foundational questions about the current use of behavioral knowledge in conservation: To what extent is behavioral knowledge used in wildlife conservation and management, and how does the use of animal behavior differ among conservation fields in both frequency and types of use? We searched the literature for intersections between key fields of animal behavior and conservation and created a systematic heat map (i.e., graphical representation of data where values are represented as colors) to visualize relative efforts. Some behaviors, such as dispersal and foraging, were commonly considered (mean [SE] of 1147.38 [353.11] and 439.44 [108.85] papers per cell, respectively). In contrast, other behaviors, such as learning, social, and antipredatory behaviors were rarely considered (mean [SE] of 33.88 [7.62], 44.81 [10.65], and 22.69 [6.37] papers per cell, respectively). In many cases, awareness of the importance of behavior did not translate into applicable management tools. Our results challenge previous suggestions that there is little association between the fields of behavioral ecology and conservation and reveals tremendous variation in the use of different behaviors in conservation. We recommend that researchers focus on examining underutilized intersections of behavior and conservation themes for which preliminary work shows a potential for improving conservation and management, translating behavioral theory into applicable and testable predictions, and creating systematic reviews to summarize the behavioral evidence within the behavior‐conservation intersections for which many studies exist.     

Efficiency and environmental impacts of electricity restructuring on coal-fired power plants

We investigate the efficiency and environmental impacts of electricity market restructuring by examining changes in fuel efficiency, cost of coal purchases, and utilization among coal-fired power plants based on a panel data set from 1991 to 2005. Our study focuses exclusively on coal-fired power plants and uses panel data covering several years after implementation of restructuring. The estimation compares how investor-owned (IOs) plants in states with restructuring changed their behavior relative to IOs in states without. Our analysis finds that restructuring led to: (1) a 1.4 percent improvement in fuel efficiency, (2) an 8 percent decrease in unit cost of heat input, and (3) a lower capacity factor even after adjusting for cross-plant generation re-allocation due to cost reductions. The estimates imply that restructuring has led to nearly 15 percent savings in operating expenses and up to 7.5 percent emissions reduction among these plants.     

壬基酚的土壤残留及其行为研究进展

壬基酚（NP）是类环境激素物质,具有生物致毒性,在水体、污泥、沉积物中存在普遍,且对食品安全构成威胁,但国内对土壤中壬基酚的残留水平知之甚少。本文对国内外土壤等环境中壬基酚的残留现状及其来源进行总结,综述了土壤环境中残留壬基酚的吸附解吸、淋溶迁移、降解代谢等环境行为及其影响因素,并对未来工作提出展望,以期为进一步开展土壤环境壬基酚的污染调查及其评价研究提供借鉴。     

基于住房价格的通勤碳排放空间分异——以济南市为例

住房价格能够影响居民的居住决策,进而影响其通勤碳排放。为研究住房价格与通勤碳排放的内在关系,构建住房价格影响个体通勤碳排放的理论模型,并利用“个体—街道”两水平线性模型,对济南市居民出行调查数据进行实证检验。研究发现：（1）通勤碳排放呈现出“中心低碳化、外围高碳化”,且外围趋于分化的空间格局。（2）住房价格通过虹吸效应影响居民的碳排放。具体表现为住房价格与碳排放负相关,外围低房价吸引居住者,而居住者的远程机动通勤导致外围高值碳排放;但住房价格的边际增碳程度随着远离市中心而先缓（距市中心 5 km）后增（距市中心5 km及以上）。（3）外围工资收入对虹吸效应起调节作用。工资水平较高的外围区域有利于实现职住平衡,抑制了虹吸效应,进而分化为碳排放的冷点区,工资水平较低的外围区域则分化为碳排放的热点区。研究认为,应通过多中心空间发展战略、提高居民的就业可达性、优化针对公租房的公共交通供给等措施,引导居民低碳通勤。     

基于居民行为的三生空间识别与优化分析框架

“三生空间”是人类经济、社会活动的基本载体,也是人类精神和文化需求的空间反映。识别“三生空间”范围、了解居民“三生”需求、调整“三生空间”供给、统筹“三生空间”功能是国土空间规划内容的核心,也是当前实现治理能力现代化和新时代高质量发展的重要前提。从当前国土空间规划编制的需求出发,依据行为科学和行为地理学等理论方法,探讨了“三生行为”与“三生空间”的理论关联,进而遵循“需求分析与空间识别—问题诊断与目标确定—作用机理与耦合关系—空间优化与政策建议”分析思路,构建基于居民行为的“三生空间”优化分析框架。将居民行为研究与空间供需结合起来,可为国土空间规划工作提供“人本化”的理论框架与新思路。     

基于三方博弈的再生水回用市场演化路径分析

为促进再生水市场的构建,以西安市再生水回用市场发展过程为研究案例,采用演化博弈理论构建了基于政府、再生水厂商、消费者三方博弈的再生水回用市场推广模型,分析其博弈均衡及演化路径.结果表明再生水回用市场的演化过程可划分为四个阶段,不同条件下系统将演化至不同的均衡.发展初期政府支持和宣传能有效提高再生水处理量和回用量,发展中后期为了增强企业参与度和消费者接受度需要提高财政补贴、提高使用再生水效用、降低自来水效用、提升再生水厂商获利、减少政府管理成本.     

Entrepreneur environment management behavior evaluation method derived from environmental economy

Evaluation system can encourage and guide entrepreneurs, and impel them to perform well in environment management. An evaluation method based on advantage structure is established. It is used to analyze entrepreneur environment management behavior in China. Entrepreneur environment management behavior evaluation index system is constructed based on empirical research. Evaluation method of entrepreneurs is put forward, from the point of objective programming-theory to alert entrepreneurs concerned to think much of it, which means to take minimized objective function as comprehensive evaluation result and identify disadvantage structure pattern. Application research shows that overall behavior of Chinese entrepreneurs environmental management are good, specially, environment strategic behavior are best, environmental management behavior are second, cultural behavior ranks last. Application results show the efficiency and feasibility of this method.     

A simple individual model for simulating weight gain dynamics in response to intake rate and daily behavior

It is often necessary to estimate the weight that an individual may be capable of gaining depending on its degree of activity. A simple individual-based model was developed for studying the dynamics of weight in terms of daily behavior and ingestion rate. It was based on the balance between the individual's energy intake and the cost of its daily activities. Costs depend on the weight of the individual and the photoperiod, as well as on the time spent on each activity. Different combinations of ingestion rate, individual's weight, photoperiod length, and time assigned to different activities were used for simulating the weight dynamics, taking the species Rhea americana as a study case. Estimations of energetic costs of the activities were obtained from specialized literature. Using different photoperiods and individual behaviors, the model yields field metabolic rate (FMR) values in agreement with those obtained from direct measurements for other omnivorous bird species.