资源环境承载力研究的缘起与发展

随着我国学习实践科学发展观的不断深入,理论和实践界越来越重视在资源环境承载力的允许范围内推进经济的可持续发展.回顾资源环境承载力相关研究的缘起与理论演变,从理论层面上对资源环境承载力相关问题进行系统梳理,理清脉络,这是正确制定和实施可持续发展战略的理论前提.     

秦皇岛市生活垃圾无害化处理现状与展望

通过论述秦皇岛市在城市垃圾收集、压缩、运输、无害化处理方面取得的成功经验,提出环境卫生工作统一领导,分工负责;对不同季节、不同发生主体垃圾成份进行分析,开展垃圾减量化、资源化科学研究;开展垃圾填埋场环境监测工作,防止对水、土壤和大气造成污染,以期把秦皇岛市真正建设成为宜居、宜业、宜游的现代化城市。     

我国企业管理的信息技术应用研究

我国企业管理的创新需要信息技术的支持,只有把信息技术和现代企业管理理念进行相互交融,才能建立适应企业发展的根本制度。在经济全球化、管理信息化的今天,只有实现对企业的过程管理才能创造企业的美好未来;只有改变财务管理、采购、销售过程中的不透明现象才能促进企业全面发展。通过信息化建设可以有效整合企业资源,促进企业管理的全面升级。     

The social and ecological determinants of common pool resource sustainability

We study a dynamic common pool resource game in which current resource stock depends on resource extraction in the previous period. Our model shows that for a sufficiently high regrowth rate, there is no commons dilemma: the resource will be preserved indefinitely in equilibrium. Lower growth rates lead to depletion. Laboratory tests of the model indicate that favorable ecological characteristics are necessary but insufficient to encourage effective CPR governance. Before the game, we elicit individual willingness to follow a costly rule. Only the presence of enough rule-followers preserves the resource given favorable ecological conditions.     

The resource curse revisited and revised: A tale of paradoxes and red herrings

We critically evaluate the empirical basis for the so-called resource curse and find that, despite the topic's popularity in economics and political science research, this apparent paradox may be a red herring. The most commonly used measure of “resource abundance” can be more usefully interpreted as a proxy for “resource dependence”—endogenous to underlying structural factors. In multiple estimations that combine resource abundance and dependence, institutional, and constitutional variables, we find that (i) resource abundance, constitutions, and institutions determine resource dependence, (ii) resource dependence does not affect growth, and (iii) resource abundance positively affects growth and institutional quality.     

Understanding the Lessons and Limitations of Conservation and Development

Abstract: The lack of concrete instances in which conservation and development have been successfully merged has strengthened arguments for strict exclusionist conservation policies. Research has focused more on social cooperation and conflict of different management regimes and less on how these factors actually affect the natural environments they seek to conserve. Consequently, it is still unknown which strategies yield better conservation outcomes? We conducted a meta‐analysis of 116 published case studies on common resource management regimes from Africa, south and central America, and southern and Southeast Asia. Using ranked sociodemographic, political, and ecological data, we analyzed the effect of land tenure, population size, social heterogeneity, as well as internally devised resource‐management rules and regulations (institutions) on conservation outcome. Although land tenure, population size, and social heterogeneity did not significantly affect conservation outcome, institutions were positively associated with better conservation outcomes. There was also a significant interaction effect between population size and institutions, which implies complex relationships between population size and conservation outcome. Our results suggest that communities managing a common resource can play a significant role in conservation and that institutions lead to management regimes with lower environmental impacts.     

河北省太行山区土地资源生态安全预警与调控研究

采用模糊优选模型和情景分析模型,选取河北省太行山区为研究区域,对其进行土地资源生态安全预警分析,并定量测度了各敏感因子对生态安全警情的影响程度。结果表明,研究区土地资源生态安全警情包括中警、轻警、预警3个等级,以轻警为主,所占面积比例达50%以上。从时间尺度上,整体生态安全警情呈缓慢好转态势。从空间尺度上,生态安全预警格局中段警情有所好转,南北两端警情趋于严重,尤其以南部最差。15°坡耕地面积、人口密度、污染负荷指数、人均草地面积、人均林地面积、化肥农药负荷、景观破碎化指数、Shannon多样性指数、人均GDP和三废综合处理率10个敏感因子(权重0.03)是影响研究区生态安全的重要因子,对总系统生态安全的综合贡献必须引起足够重视;各子系统对总系统生态安全的贡献率大小依次为状态子系统压力子系统响应子系统,因此需有针对性地对各个子系统及总系统进行调控。     

豆科牧草对4种农田常见杂草和水稻化感作用的研究

采用室内生测试验评价了白三叶、紫花苜蓿和毛苕子等3种豆科牧草新鲜茎叶的水浸提液对狗牙根、稗草、马唐和牛筋草等4种农田常见杂草种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用。利用盆栽试验研究3种豆科牧草的茎叶按不同比例与土混匀后对水稻秧苗生长的影响。结果表明：供体豆科牧草茎叶的水浸提液对狗牙根、稗草、马唐和牛筋草等的萌发率和幼苗生长均有不同程度的抑制作用,且随着水浸提液质量浓度的增加其抑制作用增强。浸提液质量浓度为0.1 g.mL-1时,毛苕子对稗草种子萌发的抑制作用强于其它3种,抑制率达50.8%;毛苕子对牛筋草幼苗根的抑制作用最强,抑制率达59.9%;白三叶对稗草幼苗茎的抑制率达54.3%。同时将豆科牧草的m（新鲜茎叶）-m（土）为1%和2%时,对水稻的苗高和地上部分的生物量有促进作用,3%时则抑制了水稻的生长。研究表明：施用适量的豆科牧草可以促进水稻生长,同时可有效控制稻田杂草。     

Challenges to interdisciplinary research in ecosystem-based management

Despite its necessity, integration of natural and social sciences to inform conservation efforts has been difficult. We examined the views of 63 scientists and practitioners involved in marine management in Mexico's Gulf of California, the central California coast, and the western Pacific on the challenges associated with integrating social science into research efforts that support ecosystem-based management (EBM) in marine systems. We used a semistructured interview format. Questions focused on how EBM was developed for these sites and how contextual factors affected its development and outcomes. Many of the traditional challenges linked with interdisciplinary research were present in the EBM projects we studied. However, a number of contextual elements affected how mandates to include social science were interpreted and implemented as well as how easily challenges could be addressed. For example, a common challenge is that conservation organizations are often dominated by natural scientists, but for some projects it was easier to address this imbalance than for others. We also found that the management and institutional histories that came before EBM in specific cases were important features of local context. Because challenges differed among cases, we believe resolving challenges to interdisciplinary research should be context specific.     

Protected areas as frontiers for human migration

Causes of human population growth near protected areas have been much debated. We conducted 821 interviews in 16 villages around Budongo Forest Reserve, Masindi district, Uganda, to explore the causes of human migration to protected areas and to identify differences in forest use between migrant and nonmigrant communities. We asked subjects for information about birthplace, migration, household assets, household activities, and forest use. Interview subjects were categorized as nonmigrants (born in one of the interview villages), socioeconomic migrants (chose to emigrate for economic or social reasons) from within Masindi district (i.e., local migrants) and from outside the Masindi district (i.e., regional migrants), or forced migrants (i.e., refugees or internally displaced individuals who emigrated as a result of conflict, human rights abuses, or natural disaster). Only 198 respondents were born in interview villages, indicating high rates of migration between 1998 and 2008. Migrants were drawn to Budongo Forest because they thought land was available (268 individuals) or had family in the area (161 individuals). A greater number of regional migrants settled in villages near Lake Albert than did forced and local migrants. Migration category was also associated with differences in sources of livelihood. Of forced migrants 40.5% earned wages through labor, whereas 25.5% of local and 14.5% of regional migrants engaged in wage labor. Migrant groups appeared to have different effects on the environment. Of respondents that hunted, 72.7% were regional migrants. Principal component analyses indicated households of regional migrants were more likely to be associated with deforestation. Our results revealed gaps in current models of human population growth around protected areas. By highlighting the importance of social networks and livelihood choices, our results contribute to a more nuanced understanding of causes of migration and of the environmental effects of different migrant groups.