Groundwater quality: Responsible agriculture and public perceptions

The chief sources of groundwater contamination on farms come from point sources and diffuse sources. Possible point sources are feedlots, poorly-sited manure piles, septic sewage-treatment systems—all of which can release nitrate, phosphates and bacteria— and sites of chemical spills. Diffuse sources are typified by excess fertilizer leaching from a number of arable fields. The basis of quality standards for drinking-water is discussed in relation to common contaminants present on farms. Samples of drinking-water were collected in 1991–1992 from wells on about 1,200 farms in order to study the quality of rural groundwater in Ontario. Analysis showed that approximately one third of wells were contaminated with bacteria, 14% were contaminated with nitrate, two wells were contaminated with pesticide, but 40% were considered unsafe because of the presence of at least one contaminant. These values were similar to those reported for similar regions in the U.S. There was no significant effect of agricultural practice on the proportion of contaminated samples. One response of Ontario's farmers to information on water quality has been to initiate their own program, the Environmental Farm Plan, which has 23 modules by which the risk of environmental contamination can be assessed. Government policies for agriculture can be expected to influence farming practices. However, the literature suggests that the consequences of policies aimed at reducing environmental contamination are poorly understood, not least because the instruments used for implementation can have widely differing impacts. The need for discussions on the ethics surrounding the relationship between food producers and consumers with regard to environmental contamination is identified.     

a study of the temporal variability of atrazine in private well water. part i: study design, implementation, and database development

In 1988, the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, along withthe University of Iowa conducted the Statewide Rural WellWater Survey, commonly known as SWRL. A total of 686private rural drinking water wells was selected by use of aprobability sample and tested for pesticides and nitrates. Sixty-eight of these wells, the 10% repeat wells, were additionallysampled in October, 1990 and June, 1991. Starting inNovember, 1991, the University of Iowa, with sponsorshipfrom the United States Environmental Protection Agency,revisited these wells to begin a study of the temporalvariability of atrazine and nitrates in wells. Other wells, whichhad originally tested positive for atrazine in SWRL but werenot in the 10% repeat population, were added to the studypopulation. Temporal sampling for a year-long period beganin February of 1992 and concluded in January of 1993. Allwells were sampled monthly, one subset was sampled weekly,and a second subset was sampled for 14-day consecutiveperiods. Two unique aspects of this study were the use of animmunoassay technique to screen for triazines before gaschromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis andquantification of atrazine, and the use of well owners to samplethe wells. A total of 1771 samples from 83 wells are in thefinal data base for this study. This paper reviews the studydesign, the analytical methodologies, and development of thedata base. A companion paper (Pinsky et al., 1997) discussesthe analysis of the data from this survey.     

体积法压井现场试验研究

为了更加精细地描述体积法压井过程中井内气体的分布和运移规律,针对体积控制法压井开展了试验研究,通过在试验井井底注气的方式,模拟气侵并实施体积法压井;测量并分析压井过程中套压、立压、出口流量及注气速率等参数的变化规律。研究结果表明:体积法压井控制过程中,由于井筒内气侵气体以多个短气柱和弥散型气泡分布为主,在钻井液泄流过程中套压很难实现理想状态的稳定控制;井口出现气体并不代表气侵气体以气柱形式全部到达井口,通过气液混合泄流,可有效控制井底压力实现井底准恒压;当部分气体在井口形成气柱后,可提前启动置换流程,这种体积控制流程和置换流程结合的方式可有效降低地层破裂风险;置换流程中压井液的注入会产生井底附加压力,针对薄弱地层,需考虑此参数以降低风险。     

水平井钻磨管柱油管组合方式研究及下入安全性分析

基于钻磨管柱下入过程易造成遇卡事故,油田采用了2种线重油管的组合方式进行钻磨作业,提高了管柱的下入能力,但未能得到2种线重油管组合方式优选的可靠依据。为得到2种线重油管的最优组合方式,采用微元法对管柱单元在各井段的受力进行分析,建立钻磨管柱的下入载荷计算模型;采用编程对油田水平井进行实例计算,计算结果与实测结果对比显示模型平均误差在8.12%左右,验证了模型的正确性;基于下入载荷计算模型,进行了钻磨管柱组合特性研究及参数敏感性分析。结果表明:采用2种线重油管的组合方式能增大钻磨管柱下入能力,当大线重油管所占整个钻磨管柱的长度为井斜角70.8°左右的井深时,组合比例最优,不同的摩擦系数μ决定不同最优组合比例。     

基于环空带压临界值确定高温高压气井临界产量

高温高压气井环空带压现象日益严重,环空带压过大可能破坏井筒的完整性,基于能量守恒定律和井筒径向传热机理,建立了井筒多环空温度场计算模型;综合考虑环空温度效应和体积效应,建立了环空带压控制方程,以某高温高压气井为例,开展了基于环空带压临界值确定高温高压气井临界产量的具体分析。研究结果表明:环空温度随产量和生产时间的增大先增加后逐渐稳定,相比生产时间,产量对环空温度的影响更加明显;环空带压越大,井下管柱安全系数越小,综合对比API RP 90标准和环空带压安全评价2种方法的结果,确定了各环空最大允许带压值,结合环空带压与产量的关系可得到高温高压气井的临界产量。研究结果对合理制定高温高压气井的生产制度具有理论指导意义。     

工业项目地下水污染监测井布设方案的定量化研究

工业成品生产过程中各类装置所产生的污染源严重威胁着工业建设项目厂区及其周边地下水环境安全,对工业项目厂区及其周边地下水水质进行有效的监测则成为防控地下水污染风险的关键。以某石化项目为例,基于对研究区水文地质条件的剖析和概化,通过野外水文地质调查及现场试验获取水文地质参数,利用FEFLOW数值模拟软件建立研究区地下水三维非稳定渗流模型和溶质运移模型,分析预测设定工况下污染物随地下水的迁移规律,实现了地下水污染监测井布设方案在时间和空间尺度上的定量化分析,并提出了合理且有效的监控管理措施,可为工业项目地下水监测井的精细化布设提供参考。     

Putting People on the Map through an Approach That Integrates Social Data in Conservation Planning

Conservation planning is integral to strategic and effective operations of conservation organizations. Drawing upon biological sciences, conservation planning has historically made limited use of social data. We offer an approach for integrating data on social well‐being into conservation planning that captures and places into context the spatial patterns and trends in human needs and capacities. This hierarchical approach provides a nested framework for characterizing and mapping data on social well‐being in 5 domains: economic well‐being, health, political empowerment, education, and culture. These 5 domains each have multiple attributes; each attribute may be characterized by one or more indicators. Through existing or novel data that display spatial and temporal heterogeneity in social well‐being, conservation scientists, planners, and decision makers may measure, benchmark, map, and integrate these data within conservation planning processes. Selecting indicators and integrating these data into conservation planning is an iterative, participatory process tailored to the local context and planning goals. Social well‐being data complement biophysical and threat‐oriented social data within conservation planning processes to inform decisions regarding where and how to conserve biodiversity, provide a structure for exploring socioecological relationships, and to foster adaptive management. Building upon existing conservation planning methods and insights from multiple disciplines, this approach to putting people on the map can readily merge with current planning practices to facilitate more rigorous decision making. Poner a la Gente en el Mapa por Medio de una Estrategia que Integra Información Social en la Planeación de la Conservación     

某退役辐照装置储源井钢件表面沾污测量

利用物理测量及擦拭法对某退役辐照装置储源井钢件进行表面沾污测量及结果验证,结果表明,本次测量中两种方法测量结果基本一致。物理法受测量物体自身结构及尺寸的影响导致测量结果存在误差,擦拭法要保证较高的去除因子。擦拭法可对物理法测量结果进行验证。     

高含硫化氢原油除硫技术研究与应用

针对新疆油田分公司采油一厂车89井区高含硫的问题,分别对硫化氢成因、转化机理及除硫方式进行研究,开展了化学除硫工艺技术、负压闪蒸除硫工艺技术以及催化曝气除硫工艺技术现场试验。试验结果表明:采用负压闪蒸除硫工艺、催化曝气除硫工艺及化学除硫工艺(HCS-4除硫剂加药浓度约1×104 mg/L、作用80s)处理后,可将车89井区原油中硫化氢浓度降至安全阈限值15mg/m3以下。     

油田洗井污水车载式处理技术的研究与应用

本污水处理装置能够有效处理油田注水洗井过程中排放的含油污水。利用车载式污水处理技术研究成果，对传统的注水井洗井污水排放土油池的流程进行了改进，在装置内进行除砂、除油、沉降、过滤后，进行循环使用，使洗井污水处理回收效果得到了明显的改善，实现了污油、污水不落地，达到了节约资源、保护环境的目的，并在实践中得到了一些有益的经验，供其他油田借鉴。