井喷失控点火时间与方位探讨

利用计算流体力学方法(CFD)对井喷失控后天然气扩散过程进行研究,在有限元基础上建立模型,采用κ-ε紊流模型求解得出井喷失控后可燃性蒸气云随时间、风速变化的影响情况,求出稳态以后易爆区域的蒸气云形状。取5.0%和15%作为甲烷的爆炸上、下限,在不同区域进行点火求解爆燃结果,通过比较给出推荐的点火时间和点火方位。该研究成果可对井喷失控蒸气云爆燃危害性进行预测,有助于指导井喷失控进行点火放喷工作,避免爆燃事故的发生。     

几种油气输送管材料的疲劳特性与管道寿命预测

针对油气输送管道的疲劳问题,选择管道工程中常用的螺旋缝埋弧焊管(SSAW)、高频电阻焊管(ERW)和直缝埋弧焊管(UOE)3种材料采用小试样对不同区域(管体、焊缝、热影响区)的疲劳裂纹扩展特性进行测试与对比研究.同时,采用自行研制的油气输送管全尺寸实物疲劳试验系统对含裂纹类缺陷的X60 SSAW焊管进行了水压实物疲劳试验,对含表面裂纹缺陷的输送管在承受内压疲劳载荷下表面裂纹的扩展规律进行了探索研究.建立了小试验疲劳试验与管道实物疲劳试验结果的相关性.该研究结果为管道的抗疲劳设计与评价、在役管道疲劳寿命的预测和检测周期的确定提供了依据.     

油气站场生活污水渗井处理系统可行性分析

油气站场分散于偏远地区,驻站人员少,站场生活污水量一般低于1.5m3/d,目前尚无可靠的处理途径。文章分析了土地处理技术的影响因素及生活污水土地处理的可行性,并在此基础上概括介绍了渗井处理系统在此类站场的适用性。由分析得知:渗井土地处理系统具有投资低、无耗能、高效率、出水水质稳定及维护方便等特点,对油气站场生活污水处理是可行的。     

含氰废水深井注入技术的可行性研究

利用大庆油田特殊的地质构造,将氰化物浓度０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ的含氰废水注入油田边水构造。通过储层砂体吸附和渗透率损害实验,证明储层对氰化物有吸附作用,不同平衡浓度下砂体的静态吸附量为４．８８μｇ／ｇ,动态吸附量为２．８３７μｇ／ｇ,氰化物不堵塞地层,根据注入井与注入井、注入井与采油井之间距离的不同,共布设８种注入方案。设计注入井的注入量为２１０ｍ^３／ｄ,采油井的产液量为１０５ｍ^３／ｄ,以采油井采出氰化物浓度０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ为限定值,基于动态吸附实验结果和边水对氰化物的稀释作用,应用聚合物驱油模型计算最佳的注入方案,该方案为注入井之间的间距１．０ｋｍ,注入井与采油井之间的间距为２．５ｋｍ,注入年限为５４年。研究结果表明,在大庆油田实施含氰废水的深井注入是可行的。既达到处理含氰废水的目的,又利用含氰废水驱替原油,具有实用价值和推广作用。     

海上超高温高压钻井井筒温度压力场耦合研究

为研究海上超高温高压钻井井筒温度压力的变化规律,基于流体力学和传热学理论,考虑超高温高压井筒环境对钻井液密度以及钻井液流变参数的影响,建立海上超高温高压钻井井筒温度压力耦合预测模型,并利用实例井现场随钻数据进行模型验证,分析正常钻进期间井筒温度压力的变化规律。研究结果表明：对井筒温度而言,钻井液流变性变化的影响大于钻井液密度变化的影响,耦合计算温度结果要大于不耦合计算的温度值,且两者之间的温差随井深的增加越来越大;对井筒压力而言,钻井液密度变化对当量循环密度ECD(equivalent criculating density)的影响要大于流变性对ECD的影响,且耦合计算的ECD要小于不耦合计算的ECD值。该耦合模型可以提高井筒温度压力的预测与控制精度,并降低超高温高压地层窄密度窗口中的安全钻进风险,研究结果对超高温高压钻井精准的井筒温度压力预测及控制具有重要意义。     

佛山市垃圾填埋场地下废气组成与产量研究

在佛山市五峰山垃圾卫生填埋场安装地下废气监测井,对地下废气的组成与性质进行监测,在位于较迟填埋垃圾区域的监测井内,地下废气ＣＨ４、ＣＯ２的浓度较高,较稳定,在位于较早填埋垃圾区域的监测井内,地上废气ＣＨ４、ＣＯ２的浓度较低,变化也较大,且在最后一次监测中,井内的废气已失去了垃圾填埋场废气的特征,说明地下垃圾的厌氧分解过程已经完成或者厌氧环境已被破坏,前后只约持续了４ａ的时间,远低于预期所需的１０－     

EFFECT OF SEMI‐PERCHED GROUND WATER ON MONITORING OF GROUND WATER LEVELS IN A DEVELOPED AQUIFER1

ABSTRACT: Interpretation of ground water level changes in a developed aquifer usually relies on reference to some benchmark such as “predevelopment” ground water levels, changes from fall to fall and/or spring to spring, or to determination of maximum stress during the pumping season. The assumption is that ground water levels measured in the monitoring well accurately reflect the state of the ground water resource in terms of quantity in storage and the effects of local pumping. This assumption is questionable based on the patterns shown in continuous hydrographs of water levels in monitoring wells in Nebraska, and wells installed to determine vertical gradients. These hydrographs show clear evidence for vertical ground water gradients and recharge from overlying parts of the aquifer system to deeper zones in which production wells are screened. The classical concept of semi‐perched ground water, as described by Meinzer, is demonstrated by these hydrographs. The presence of semi‐perched ground water (Meinzer definition, there is no intervening unsaturated zone) invalidates the use of measured ground water levels in regional observation programs for detailed numerical management of the resource. Failure to recognize the Meinzer effect has led to faulty management. The best use of data from the observation well network would be for detection of trends and education unless it is clearly understood what is being measured.     

徐州张集水源地裂隙岩溶水化学特征及影响因素

根据现场取样分析,对张集水源地裂隙岩溶水水化学特征进行了总结和分区,分析了其影响因素,提出了相应的环境保护措施.结果表明,裂隙岩溶水水化学类型一般为HCO3-Ca@Mg型及HCO3-Ca型,个别点出现HCO3@SO4-Ca型水,总体水质较好,存在局部污染现象;水源地裂隙岩溶水水质受含水层岩性和降水、地表水以及孔隙水越流等补给的影响,在制定水源地保护方案时应予考虑.      

苍山5.2级地震前后井水位固体潮加卸载响应比的短临异常变化

将尹祥础固体潮加卸载响应比的理论和方法引入到地下水位潮汐资料计算中,从岩石的应变与应力的非线性响应分析了井水位固体潮加卸载响应比的物理机理,从理论上论证可以应用地下水位观测资料来计算加卸载响应比,并研究出利用地下水位对固体潮响应来计算加卸载响应比的方法。以此方法计算了山东省莒南井（Ｌｕ １４井）水位的固体潮加卸载响应比,分析了１９９５年苍山５２级地震前后井水位固体潮加卸载响应比的短临异常变化。     

Quality of Water from Hand Dug Wells in Onitsha Metropolitan Areas of Nigeria

Summary Wide Range of human and anthropogenic activities impinges on the urban environment in most cities in Nigeria, to degrade the quality of water resources. Some of these activities (daily discharge of solid and liquid waste, industrial effluent, and physo-chemical weathering processes) are discharged directly on sources of water supply to the populace of Onitsha. Based on this problem, this paper examines the quality of water from hand-dug wells in Onitsha. 15 wells water samples were collected during the month of January, July, and August with the aid of sterilized containers. And sent to the laboratory for analyses, results showed that wells that are located close to dumpsites are more polluted in terms of turbidity, TSS, CaCo₂ conductivity salinity acidity, Pb, Fe and bacteriological quality of the well water. Also most of the hand-dug well water qualities are unsafe for human consumption, because they are generally above the WHO maximum acceptable threshold. Since this source of water form one of the major source of water to the inhabitants, there is need for purification proper disposal of waste, public education of the health implication of waste/impure water and other management measures.