外置式排风罩条缝口开口面积与气流均匀性研究

在外置式风罩罩口上设置条缝是用来提高和保证罩口气流均匀性的方法之一。在以往研究的基础上,对设置多大面积的条缝最有利于形成均匀的吸气气流进行了实验研究。实验通过改变条缝开口面积和总吸风量,测试该条件下风罩各条缝处风速,对比每组实验风速的均匀程度,从而反推使罩口实现均匀气流的条缝开口面积和风量条件。实验结果表明,条缝开口面积总和等于1倍罩内吸风口面积能够使风罩形成较好的均匀气流,从能量消耗的角度看也较为节能。风量的变化对这一结论并无影响。     

采空区气体分布规律及自然发火危险区域判定

〗采空区自然发火的防治是自燃矿井灾害防治的重中之重,选用薛村矿92118轻放工作面采空区为研究对象,现场布置测点,选取合适的采样仪器,对N2、O2、CO、CO2、CH4、C2H4、C2H6、C2H2气体进行实地采样分析,得出相应气体分布规律。并用流场模拟FEMLAB软件对其进行自然发火机理模拟,分析采空区漏风渗流速度场、流线、风速场和风压场情况,最后得出采空区自燃氧化危险区域和最易自然发火危险区域,结论合理。这对采空区采用注氮、堵漏风等措施提供了主要技术依据。     

生态脆弱性评价在矿区规划环评中的应用研究 ——以阜新矿区为例

以辽宁阜新矿区总体规划环评为例,基于生态环境指数,生态敏感性和景观空间结构等指标构建矿区开发生态脆弱性评价指标体系,运用层次分析和综合指数法评价和划分区域生态脆弱性等级,利用GIS技术并结合法规要求将规划矿区划分为适宜、优化、适度、限制和禁止开采等5类地区.评价结果表明,阜新矿区生态脆弱性整体较高,脆弱度属于4级和5级的区块分别约占规划总面积的51.38%和39.36%,且已建和规划新建煤矿全部处在脆弱性较高的区域范围内,矿区开发与生态保护之间的矛盾突出.     

环鄱阳湖浅层地下水水化学特征的时空变化

系统采集了鄱阳湖周边地下水,分析测定各单元的水化学参数.结果表明,环鄱阳湖浅层地下水整体偏酸性,呈低矿化度,局部地区出现微咸水.环鄱阳湖浅层地下水丰、枯水期的优势阴离子为HCO3-,阳离子为Ca2+和Mg2+.运用SPSS软件做离子相关性分析,各离子间均呈正相关性,说明可能有相同的来源.地下水的水化学类型整体表现为HCO3-Ca-Mg型,丰水期相对于枯水期出现较多的NO3-型和SO24-型水体,局部区域优势阴离子改变,出现了NO3-型、Cl-型地下水,可能受到农业化肥和工业废水排放的影响.整体上地下水的水化学类型受当地岩石类型的影响比较大,个别地区受人为的活动干扰较为强烈.     

基于农户意愿的矿区耕地损害补偿测度研究——以庞庄、垞城、柳新煤矿开采为例

矿产资源的开发利用,在支撑社会经济发展的同时却带来区域资源生态环境的破坏,尤其是矿区农户承担着较大的外部成本。论文以矿区耕地损害为研究对象,在调查农户认知和接受补偿意愿的基础上,通过构建计量模型,测算基于农户意愿下的补偿额度。结果表明:①调查结果显示,69.19%的农户因煤矿开采失去一部分耕地,49.19%的农户表示耕地质量降低,95.14%的农户认为居住环境遭到破坏,93.51%的农户认为采矿破坏了耕种文化传承;②实证结果表明,庞庄、垞城、柳新煤矿周边农户每年接受最低补偿分别为34 780.80、36 506.85和35 397.60元/hm²,其中经济损害受偿意愿分别为12 731.10、18 982.80、11 230.95元/(hm²·a),社会保障损害受偿意愿分别为11 782.35、10 777.95、12 765.00元/(hm²·a),生态损害受偿意愿分别为7 277.10、4 282.35、7 306.05元/(hm²·a),文化传承损害受偿意愿分别为2 990.25、2 463.75和4 095.6元/(hm²·a);③对比分析发现,当前政策下矿区耕地损害补偿额度一般在9 458.70~15 764.40元/(hm²·a)之间,明显低于基于农户意愿下的补偿额度,并且56.76%的农户表示不接受一次性补偿。以上结果能够为矿区生态补偿和政策创新提供决策依据和定量参考。     

Are indigenous forest reserves sustainable? An analysis of present and future land-use trends in Bosawas,Nicaragua

SUMMARY

In recent years, indigenous tenure over forest lands has emerged as a means to conserve forests while recognizing indigenous rights. There is concern, however, that indigenous reserves may not be an appropriate policy tool for sustained forest conservation. Our research examined how recognition of indigenous common-property rights has controlled agricultural expansion and conserved forests in Bosawas Biosphere Reserve, Nicaragua. We used satellite imagery with empirical data gathered in the field on land-use institutions, population pressures, and land-use practices to compare whether indigenous communities under territorial management or public management are better able to (1) control the ‘fast threat’ of frontier expansion and (2) address the long-term ecological threats posed by indigenous land-use practices and institutional changes in the region. Our findings are that indigenous residents who share common-property rights over their territories are better able to control agricultural expansion than are indigenous residents living on public lands. With respect to the long-term threats to the region, a series of simulations of possible land-use pressures demonstrate that the enforcement of territorial boundaries and further development of indigenous forest management rules will prove crucial in determining land-use capacity and deforestation over the next 50 years.     

Perceptions of small-scale fishermen on the value of marine resources and protected areas: case of Claveria,Northern Philippines

Establishing marine protected areas (MPAs) helps to restore and sustain marine and fishery resources, but in the Philippines only 20% of total MPAs are achieving their management objectives. We conducted a case study of a small MPA in Northern Philippines to understand socio-economic status and livelihoods of the fishermen stakeholders, and examine their attitudes and perceptions on marine resource values and conservation. Using an ordered probit model, we also investigated factors affecting these perceptions. We found a lower fish income ratio in higher income quartiles, a small share of local non-fishery income, and an apparent lack of other livelihood opportunities within the rural economy. The majority of fishermen had positive perceptions of the non-market value of marine resources, agreed with the need for MPAs, and perceived positive potential income benefit from MPAs. Level of education and fishing income were consistent significant positive determinants of these perceptions. Policy implications suggest: involving likely-to-be-displaced reef fishers in the crafting of management plans; conducting intensive research on appropriate and feasible livelihood options, for example, marine culture technologies; and designing explicit strategies to increase the propensity of coastal households to invest in children's education as a strategy for long-term sustainability of resource management.     

气相色谱／质谱测定电子垃圾拆解区土壤中四溴双酚A的方法

本研究建立气相色谱/质谱来测定电子垃圾拆解区土壤中四溴双酚 A（TBBPA）的方法。该化合物通过超声波辅助萃取,溶剂选择V（丙酮）﹕V（正己烷）=1﹕1或乙酸乙酯;净化柱选择酸化的氟罗里硅土和无水硫酸钠混合物或CleanertC18-SPE进行净化;净化液浓缩后经衍生反应,衍生试剂选用N,O-双（三甲基硅烷基）三氟乙酰胺（BSTFA）和含1%的三甲基氯硅烷（TMCS）。该方法测定电子垃圾拆解区土壤中TBBPA的检出限为（S/N=3）0.1μg·kg^-1加标回收率平均值为92.7%（n=5）,重现性RSD为2.52%（n=5）;线性范围是20～400μg·kg^-1相关系数0.999。该方法用于调查电子垃圾拆解区土壤中四溴双酚A,范围值为5.17～218.00μg·kg^-1其周围农田土壤中四溴双酚A,范围值为0.312～4.170μg·kg^-1     

Gridded usage inventories of chlordane in China

Chlordane (1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-3a,4,7, 7a-tetra-hydro-4,7-methanoindane) is one of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) which has been listed as one of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to be reduced and finally eliminated in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, because of its great persistence, toxicity, bio-accumulation and long-range transport potential. It is critical to create a national chlordane usage inventories for China to compile chlordane emission inventories, which is helpful for carrying out risk assessments and other researches related to chlordane in China. The annual data of chlordane usage was calculated and modified in accordance with the reported annual production of chlordane which was caculated on the basis of the termite distribution, the data of chlordane usage rate and the annual new construction area (NCA).With the help of Geographic Information System, the usage data of this NCA were allocated to a grid system then, with a 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution and a size for each grid cell of approximately 25 km by 25 km. Between 1988 and 2008, the total usage of chlordane in China was 2745 t, accounting for approximately 80% of the production in the same period. Zhejiang Province was the largest consumer of chlordane in China, whose usage adds up to 980 t, greatly exceeding other provinces/regions, followed by Jiangsu Province (534 t) and Sichuan Province (428 t). The region with the least usage of chlordane was Beijing. Provinces of Guizhou, Henan and Hebei did not use any chlordane, even though termites had occurred in these provinces. Gridded usage inventories showed that the intensive use of chlordane was concentrated in the southeast part of China, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta in particular. The satisfaction of the inventories was supported by the consistence between the estimated data of annual usage and the reported annual production of chlordane, and by the consistence between distribution pattern of chlordane’s usage and ambient air concentration.     

潖江蓄滞洪区洪灾风险分析及避难转移安置研究

以潖江蓄滞洪区洪灾避难转移安置为研究对象,利用Mike21技术,建立潖江蓄滞洪区洪水演进数值模型,模拟北江遭遇300年一遇洪水时,在潖江口泄洪,潖江蓄滞洪区内洪水演进,分析潖江蓄滞洪区洪灾风险.通过实地调查,结合历史洪水情况,利用潖江蓄滞洪区DEM数据、Google地图及最快避难转移安置时间分析法,详细设计了潖江蓄滞洪区内各行政村落遭遇洪灾时避难转移与人员安置,为潖江蓄滞洪区启用预案科学编制及防洪减灾提供科学依据.