Effects of metal and acidic sites on the reaction by-products of butyl acetate oxidation over palladium-based catalysts

Catalytic oxidation is widely used in pollution control technology to remove volatile organic compounds. In this study, Pd/ZSM-5 catalysts with different Pd contents and acidic sites were prepared via the impregnation method. All the catalysts were characterized by means of N2 adsorption- desorption, X-ray fluorescence （XRF）, HE temperature programmed reduction （H2-TPR）, and NH3 temperature programmed desorption （NH3-TPD）. Their catalytic performance was investigated in the oxidation of butyl acetate experiments. The by-products of the reaction were collected in thermal desorption tubes and identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. It was found that the increase of Pd content slightly changed the catalytic activity of butyl acetate oxidation according to the yield of CO2 achieved at 90%, but decreased the cracking by-products, whereas the enhancement of strong acidity over Pd-based catalysts enriched the by-product species. The butyl acetate oxidation process involves a series of reaction steps including protolysis, dehydrogenation, dehydration, cracking, and isomerization. Generally, butyl acetate was cracked to acetic acid and 2- methylpropene and the latter was an intermediate of the other by-products, and the oxidation routes of typical by-products were proposed. Trace amounts of 3-methylpentane, hexane, 2-methylpentane, pentane, and 2-methylbutane originated from iso4merization and protolysis reactions.     

Reduction and characterization of bioaerosols in a wastewater treatment station via ventilation

Bioaerosols from wastewater treatment processes are a significant subgroup of atmospheric aerosols. In the present study,airborne microorganisms generated from a wastewater treatment station(WWTS) that uses an oxidation ditch process were diminished by ventilation.Conventional sampling and detection methods combined with cloning/sequencing techniques were applied to determine the groups,concentrations,size distributions,and species diversity of airborne microorganisms before and after ventilation. There were 3021 ± 537 CFU/m3 of airborne bacteria and 926 ± 132 CFU/m3 of airborne fungi present in the WWTS bioaerosol.Results showed that the ventilation reduced airborne microorganisms significantly compared to the air in the WWTS. Over 60% of airborne bacteria and airborne fungi could be reduced after4 hr of air exchange. The highest removal(92.1% for airborne bacteria and 89.1% for fungi) was achieved for 0.65–1.1 μm sized particles. The bioaerosol particles over 4.7 μm were also reduced effectively. Large particles tended to be lost by gravitational settling and small particles were generally carried away,which led to the relatively easy reduction of bioaerosol particles0.65–1.1 μm and over 4.7 μm in size. An obvious variation occurred in the structure of the bacterial communities when ventilation was applied to control the airborne microorganisms in enclosed spaces.     

Experimental study on filtration and continuous regeneration of a particulate filter system for heavy-duty diesel engines

This study investigated the filtration and continuous regeneration of a particulate filter system on an engine test bench, consisting of a diesel oxidation catalyst（DOC） and a catalyzed diesel particulate filter（CDPF）. Both the DOC and the CDPF led to a high conversion of NO to NO2 for continuous regeneration. The filtration efficiency on solid particle number（SPN） was close to100%. The post-CDPF particles were mainly in accumulation mode. The downstream SPN was sensitively influenced by the variation of the soot loading. This phenomenon provides a method for determining the balance point temperature by measuring the trend of SPN concentration.     

乡镇小型屠宰场污水处理技术研究

本文在分析生猪屠宰污水的来源及水质特点基础上,对比各种污水处理的好氧和厌氧的方法与措施,提出将“两级沉淀＋两段曝气”工艺应用到小型屠宰场污水处理系统中,具有重要的理论意义和工程实用价值.     

宁夏南部山区新修水平梯田耕地质量提升技术研究

本文针对宁南山区新修水平梯田水土流失和土壤肥力持续衰退的问题,从梯田培肥技术、耕作技术和管理措施3个方面研究总结了宁南山区新修水平梯田耕地质量提升关键技术,为提高宁南山区新修水平梯田生产力提供了技术保障.     

活性焦联合脱硫脱硝技术及发展方向

本文介绍了活性焦特点、活性焦联合脱硫脱硝技术的反应机理及工艺流程、活性焦联合脱硫脱硝技术的优缺点及发展方向。指出了活性焦联合脱硫脱硝工艺具有可以实现同时脱除S02、NOx和粉尘,脱除效率高,投资小等优点,通过加热再生活性焦,可获得高浓度的SO2气体,用于生产硫酸、液体二氧化硫或硫磺,有效回收硫资源。该技术具有流程简单、占地面积小、无二次污染、费用低、应用范围广等特点。     

生物物种信息平台建设进展研究

信息技术的突飞猛进和互联网的迅速扩张,为生物多样性信息的收集、存储、提交、检索、分析、传播和使用带来了革命性的发展。生物多样性数据和信息服务的内容逐步从单一的名录数据库建设转向为多学科交叉的综合信息服务平台。本文结合国家生物多样性保护专项,在介绍国内外主流生物多样性信息平台建设现状的基础上,分析了我国现有平台存在的问题,并对下一步如何完善和推进平台应用进行探讨。     

活性炭催化过氧化氢去除荧光增白剂

研究了活性炭(activated carbon,AC)吸附、改性活性炭(activated carbon modified,ACM)吸附、过氧化氢(H2O2)氧化、AC催化H2O2等方法对水体中荧光增白剂VBL的处理效果,并通过自由基俘获剂叔丁醇、催化过程气体分析等探讨了AC催化H2O2分解VBL的机制.结果表明,经硝酸铁[Fe(NO3)3]改性过的ACM对VBL的吸附去除率高于未改性的AC.活性炭催化H2O2对VBL的去除效果明显,但未改性AC催化去除率高于ACM.60 min时,AC催化氧化去除率即可达到95%以上,而ACM仅为58%.叔丁醇的加入降低了AC和ACM催化氧化对VBL的去除率,表明AC催化H2O2氧化能促进H2O2形成羟基自由基(·OH)和原子氧参与反应.AC催化H2O2分解及释放气体分析表明,AC能催化H2O2形成氧气并放热,且ACM明显快于AC.结合催化H2O2去除VBL效率的结果分析,ACM催化反应时活性中间物(自由基和原子氧等)产生速率快于AC,活性中间物自身消耗形成氧气,而不是用于分解VBL.催化反应中活性中间产物的形成速率与反应物供给速率的不匹配可能是导致ACM催化效果弱于AC的重要原因.     

半短程亚硝化与厌氧氨氧化联合脱氮工艺微生物特征研究进展

半短程亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化脱氮技术具有良好的发展前景,该工艺的发展以及应用分子生物学技术对好氧氨氧化菌种群和厌氧氨氧化种群生态学的研究备受人们关注.本文综述了工艺原理和影响因子诸如温度、pH值、氧的可利用性、游离氨浓度等对氨氧化菌及厌氧氨氧化菌的影响,并介绍了应用分子生物学方法对氨氧化菌与厌氧氨氧化菌的类别及分布的研究结果,并对该工艺提出了展望.     

还原脱氯-生物联合降解2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸

采用Pd/Fe双金属对2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)进行催化还原脱氯,以活性污泥对2,4-D脱氯产物进行生物氧化,考察初始pH、活性污泥量、污染物初始浓度、温度等因素对生物氧化的影响情况.通过PCR-变性梯度凝胶电泳分析污泥体系菌群变化情况,高效液相色谱测定来推测目标污染物的降解过程.结果表明:1 Pd/Fe双金属可有效还原2,4-D,其主要先还原为2-氯苯氧乙酸(2-CPA),最终顺序脱氯为苯氧乙酸(PA).2 2,4-D具有较大生物毒性,其脱氯产物毒性下降,更易被生物降解.3 pH=7、污泥量50 mL/200 mL、适量的初始PA浓度(14.6 mg·L-1)和30℃均有利于PA的去除.在该条件下反应96 h,PA去除率可达84.3%.