江西香溪流域干湿季交替下底泥氮释放机制及其对流域氮输出的贡献

本研究通过对江西千烟洲香溪流域的氮输出进行长期监测,并对该流域内的底泥进行基于正交试验的氮释放规律模拟研究,评估干湿季节交替下底泥氮释放对流域氮输出的贡献.结果表明:1流域底泥在静态下TN释放速率最大值为36mg·(m2·d)-1,且随着时间的延续释放速率不断变小;2对底泥氮释放影响的主次顺序为:温度扰动p H,如将扰动视为误差项,温度和p H对底泥氮释放的影响均为极显著;3 TN释放速率与温度成正比例关系,随着温度升高,释放速率增大;酸性和碱性条件均能促进底泥氮释放,且酸性条件的促进作用更强;4流域底泥TN和有效氮含量变化范围分别为:414.7~899.6 mg·kg-1和17.5~58.9 mg·kg-1,有效氮占TN的质量分数为3%~10%;5流域在旱季TN输出浓度范围为0.58~2.40 mg·L-1,在雨季TN输出浓度范围为1.73~4.87 mg·L-1;流域底泥的氮释放通量约为106.34 kg·a-1,流域氮输出总量为864.15 kg·a-1,底泥的氮释放对流域水体氮输出的贡献率约为12.31%,底泥氮释放对流域水体富营养化的贡献应引起重视.     

水分及凋落物对若尔盖泥炭土CH4排放的影响

通过野外采样和室内培养试验,设置了饱和水分(100％田间持水量)、非饱和水分(60％田间持水量)和干湿交替处理3种土壤水分条件,以及添加和未添加凋落物2种处理,研究了若尔盖泥炭土CH4排放对不同土壤水分条件以及凋落物添加的响应.结果表明,不同土壤水分条件和凋落物添加及其交互作用对泥炭土CH4排放均有显著影响.相对于非饱和土壤水分,干湿交替促进了泥炭土CH4排放,而在持续的饱和水分条件下,泥炭土CH4排放量最高.凋落物添加促进了泥炭土CH4排放速率和累积排放量.饱和水分条件下,泥炭土CH4排放对凋落物添加响应最为迅速,干湿交替次之,非饱和水分条件下的响应最慢.     

三峡库区消落带土壤中溶解性有机质(DOM)吸收及荧光光谱特征

利用紫外-可见吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱技术,结合荧光区域积分法,分析了三峡库区消落带土壤DOM的地化特征.结果表明,各区县消落带土壤CDOM平均浓度大小顺序为:忠县丰都涪陵万州巫山云阳奉节开县,其中,忠县、丰都和涪陵土壤CDOM浓度[a(355)]、芳香性(SUVA254)和疏水组分(SUVA260)明显高于其它区县,而其腐殖化程度(HIX)均低于其它区县.三峡库区消落带土壤DOM中含有类腐殖质荧光团A、C、M和类色氨酸荧光团T,其中紫外区类腐殖质荧光团A的荧光区域积分比例最大.另外,类色氨酸荧光团T与a(355)呈极显著相关(r=0.674,P0.01),影响CDOM浓度变化的主要因素是类蛋白荧光峰T.3D-EEM总荧光强度(TOT)可作为表征三峡库区消落带土壤CDOM荧光团浓度的指标.消落带土壤DOM腐殖化程度较低,生物可利用性较高.另外,消落带干湿交替作用对不同高程土壤DOM地化特征影响的差异较小,这可能与当地农业活动、沿岸植物生长以及DOM矿化过程有关.     

厌-好氧交替工艺的生物除磷特性研究

采用模拟配制的生活污水，研究了厌－好氧交替工艺对磷和有污染物的去除效果。结果表明，经过驯化运行等阶段后，在高效除磷阶段运行期间，磷的去除效率在９０％以上。总ＣＯＤ去除率通常大于９０％，实验表明ＣＯＤ主要是在好氧阶段被去除。     

The function of call alternation in the African reed frog (Hyperolius marmoratus): precise call timing prevents auditory masking

The function of call alternation in the African painted reed frog, Hyperolius marmoratus was studied. Males actively avoided call overlap with neighboring males in their natural habitat. Advertisement calls produced by groups of two or three males showed less overlap than expected if they called at random. In addition, isolated males significantly reduced their calling rate to match the periodicity of a playback of periodic tone pulses, with vocalizations given during the silent intervals between tones. Gap-detection experiments showed that males suppressed vocalizations during playbacks of constant-frequency tone bursts and gave more calls during silent periods than expected by chance. Females discriminated against conspecific advertisement calls with many pulses in favor of calls with few or no pulses. This suggests that there would be little selection pressure on males to alternate calls so that pulses are not obscured. To test if call alternation functions to make calls more conspicuous, females were presented with identical conspecific advertisement calls from two speakers in four different temporal patterns: simultaneous, overlapping, abutting, and alternating. Females did not discriminate when calls were presented in a simultaneous, abutting, or alternating time pattern. When calls overlapped with the trailing call delayed from 0.5 to 70 ms females discriminated in favor of the leading call. When the intensity of the leading call was reduced by 6 dB the preference for the leading call was maintained when calls overlapped by 2 and 40 ms but was abolished or reversed at 0.5 and 70 ms, respectively. These results support the notion that the second of two partially overlapping calls was acoustically masked, rendering female painted reed frogs unwilling to approach or unable to locate such calls. It is suggested that either simultaneous masking or the precedence effect are responsible for the observed behavior. Acoustic masking of the second call by the first when calls overlapped was maintained even when the frequency of the first call was altered by 150 Hz above and below the more preferred frequency of the second call. Received: 13 April 1995/Accepted after revision: 5 November 1995     

干湿循环与垃圾渗滤液耦合作用下GCL防渗性能

开展膨胀指数和渗透系数测定试验,研究干湿循环与垃圾渗滤液渗透耦合作用下膨润土的膨胀性能和土工合成黏土衬垫（GCL）防渗性能变化规律.结果表明,干湿循环与垃圾渗滤液渗透耦合作用对膨润土的膨胀性能和GCL的防渗性能具有显著负面影响：在7次干湿循环后,垃圾渗滤液饱和的膨润土的膨胀指数从20mL/2g降低至7.5mL/2g,GCL的渗透系数从1.65×10^-11m/s增加到1.89×10^-7m/s.膨胀指数下降和渗透系数升高的根本原因是膨润土渗透膨胀性能的丧失.单纯的垃圾渗滤液渗透不会改变GCL的渗透系数.将有效应力从20kPa升高至150kPa,可以促使GCL的渗透系数降低4个数量级,满足填埋场防渗要求（< 5.0x10^-11m/s）.     

腐蚀疲劳交替环境下0Cr16Ni5Mo1不锈钢的损伤行为研究

目的 研究腐蚀疲劳交替环境下0Cr16Ni5Mo1不锈钢的损伤行为。方法 通过开展0Cr16Ni5Mo1不锈钢在不同腐蚀疲劳交替次数下的试验,分析腐蚀疲劳交替频率对疲劳寿命、表面形貌等的影响规律,明确其腐蚀疲劳交替损伤机理。结果 腐蚀时间一定时,0Cr16Ni5Mo1不锈钢试验件的疲劳寿命随着腐蚀疲劳交替频率的增加而增加。交替频次较低时,疲劳断裂部位主要发生在试验件表面或侧面的腐蚀损伤处;交替频次较高时,疲劳断裂部位开始内部缺陷处出现。试验件表面附着的腐蚀产物随着交替周期的进行而减少,但随着交替次数的增加,基体截面深处出现腐蚀产物。结论 0Cr16Ni5Mo1不锈钢试验件的疲劳寿命随交替次数的增加呈现指数函数规律的增长趋势。腐蚀-疲劳交替作用下,0Cr16Ni5Mo1不锈钢的表面腐蚀损伤形式主要为点蚀,裂纹主要萌生于试件表面的缺陷处,腐蚀加速了裂纹萌生的进程。交替次数的增加促进了表面和缺陷处钝化膜的生成,以及腐蚀产物在缺陷内部的堆积,从而使试验件寿命增大。     

Gender-role alternation in the simultaneously hermaphroditic freshwater snail <Emphasis Type="Italic">Physa acuta</Emphasis>: not with the same partner

In simultaneous hermaphrodites, gender conflicts that arise from two potential mates sharing the same gender preference may be solved through conditional reciprocity (or gamete trading). Conditional reciprocity had initially been considered widespread, but recent studies suggest that its real occurrence may have been overestimated, possibly because most mating observations have been performed on isolated pairs of individuals. Some resulting patterns (e.g., non-random alternation of sexual roles) were indeed compatible with conditional reciprocity but could also have stemmed from the two partners independently executing their own mating strategy and being experimentally enforced to do so with the same partner. Non-random alternation of gender roles was recently documented in the simultaneously hermaphroditic freshwater snail Physa acuta. To distinguish between conditional and unconditional gender alternations, we observed copulations of individually marked snails reared at three contrasted densities. We showed that density affected the overall frequency of copulations during the first 2 days of the experiment with high-density boxes showing more copulations than low density boxes, but it did not affect gender alternation patterns. A change in gender role was observed more often than expected by chance over two successive copulations by the same individual, confirming previous studies. However, gender switches did not preferentially occur with the same partner. We conclude that gender alternation is not due to conditional reciprocity in P. acuta. It may rather stem from each individual having a preference for gender alternation. We finally discuss the mechanisms and the potential extent of this unconditional reciprocity.     

海洋低盐度干湿交替环境不同金属镀层对D32钢保护特性研究

目的 探究一种适合于低盐度海域干湿交替环境金属腐蚀防护的金属镀层.方法 以胜利海域低盐度的腐蚀环境为研究对象,以D32钢为基体,通过直流脉冲电流电镀4种金属(Al、Mg、Cu和Zn),镀层厚度为(30±1)μm,通过电化学测试和腐蚀形貌分析研究不同镀层金属的腐蚀动力学过程和点蚀特征,以确定最佳保护金属镀层.结果 在干湿...     

城郊型小城镇环境保护及生态建设初探--以扬州市邗江区甘泉镇为例

城郊型小城镇位于城乡结合部，由于受大城市的辐射，发展较快，做好城郊型小城镇的环境保护与生态建设具有重要的战略意义：本文以扬州市邗江区甘泉镇为例，探讨了城郊型小城镇环境保护及生态建设的思路。