Contamination of lead (Pb) in the coastal sediments of north and south of Iran: a review study

Coastal areas of Iran are heavily affected by urbanisation, industrialisation, and maritime activities. One consequence of this environmental pressure is the contaminants accumulation, as heavy metals, into the marine ecosystem. In this review, the coastal areas in the north and south of the country were assessed for lead (Pb) contamination of, one of the most toxic metals found in the environment. All studies conducted during 2006–2016 with at least 10 specimens that reported the mean and standard deviation of Pb were considered in this review. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using the Q and I² statistics. The Pb mean concentration overall studies was estimated to be 21.88?µg/g (95% CIs: 16.25–27.50). Random effect model showed no statistical difference in mean Pb concentration levels between south and north coasts. However, the variability in Pb mean concentrations within southern coasts was considerable and statistically significant. Moreover, the Pb concentrations in the northern coasts of Persian Gulf and Oman Sea, in south of Iran, decreased in the following order Hormozgan > Khuzestan > Sistan-VA-Balluchestan > Bushehr while in the southern coasts of Caspian Sea, in north of Iran, decreased in the order Guilan > Mazandaran > Golestan.     

Adaptive flood hazard management strategy and its effect on settlements in the lower Yellow River area in Ming–Qing China: a case study of Kaifeng Prefecture

This paper examines the settlements and embankments of the Yellow River in central China in late imperial China (late fourteenth century to the early twentieth century) through the approach of historical geographical information system. The Yellow River frequently flooded and changed paths in the lower Yellow River area, creating a disaster-prone environment in the populous capital city, Kaifeng in Henan Province. The official policies of constructing embankments in the alluvial fan for the sake of both preventing flood and ensuring canal transportation for grains were important factors in shaping the settlements of the region. Historical data from some counties in Kaifeng Prefecture indicate that people took shelter along the embankments during floods and, as a consequence, villages steadily developed along the embankments. This is in despite official restrictions on the use of the bottomlands along the Yellow River. This historical case not only illustrates the operating modes of official flood prevention strategies in dynastic China, but also shows how archaic settlement patterns and landscapes have shaped the geography of contemporary China.     

人工湿地小试系统藻类去除效果的变化研究

夏季在水力负荷为800mm/d间歇式进水条件下,研究了人工湿地不同工艺流程的8套小试系统SSP（system of small plot）内部水流方向上藻类去除率的变化。结果表明：人工湿地小试系统中,藻类生物量沿水流方向逐渐减少,除藻率在出水处均达到最大值。藻类的去除主要发生在湿地水流方向的前几层,而系统其他层对藻类只有微弱的去除效果。由下行池与上行池构成的湿地系统中,去藻是上、下行池共同作用的结果。在有推流床或塘处理系统参与的湿地系统中,它们对藻类的去除均有一定的作用。去藻作用主要是基质的拦截,不同的水流方向、植物和微生物也起到了一定作用。湿地对藻类的去除率在夏季一般都能达到90%以上,证明人工湿地是一种有效的除藻生态-生物方法,对除藻要求比较高水体的湿地构建及工艺流程的设计、组合具有重要意义。     

北京湿地生态系统重要服务功能及其价值评估

论文基于北京市湿地资源调查数据,重点评估了湿地调蓄洪水、供给水源、净化水质、蒸发降温和维护生境等重要生态服务功能及其价值。结果表明,2014年北京市湿地面积5.14×10⁴ hm²,其中46%为自然湿地,并集中分布在密云、房山和门头沟等远郊区。北京市湿地生态系统年均调蓄洪水20.75×10⁸ m³、供给水源9.44×10⁸ m³、净化水体污染物（COD）4.22×10⁴ t、蒸发吸热3.03×10¹² kJ,并维护着较高质量生境0.96×10⁴ hm²,其经济价值分别为158.95×10⁸、11.89×10⁸、1.69×10⁸、4.21×10⁸和10.84×10⁸元。虽然这些重要生态系统服务的78%来自于北京市远郊区的湖库与河流湿地,但是主城区湿地同样提供着重要的生态服务功能,且受益人群数量较高,因而更需重点保护。     

基于景观指数的细碎化对耕地利用效率影响研究——以扬州市里下河区域为例

从中观尺度研究细碎化对耕地利用效率影响,探寻遏制细碎化水平降低因素,以为高效农地利用政策制定提供依据。选取景观指数量化耕地细碎化水平,用数据包络分析(DEA)法对耕地利用效率进行评价,最后采用计量经济模型检验细碎化对耕地利用效率影响。结果表明:研究区扬州市里下河区域30个乡镇的耕地利用综合效率、纯技术效率与规模效率的平均值分别是0.949 3、0.972 2和0.977 0,具有一定提升空间;表征细碎化的第一主成分与地块平均面积、地块密度、面积加权形状指数和面积加权分维数的载荷值大于88%,第二主成分与边界密度指数载荷值大于91%;第一主成分对纯技术效率与规模效率的影响弹性是-0.002 7和-0.085 6,第二主成分对纯技术效率与规模效率的影响弹性是-0.001 1和-0.002 4。细碎化对耕地利用规模效率与纯技术效率产生显著负影响,且对规模效率影响大于对纯技术效率影响;应从地块面积、分布与形状等方面来降低细碎化程度以提高耕地生产能力。     

辽河口芦苇湿地土壤氨氧化菌的时空变化

采用传统的最大或然数法(MPN)和不依赖于培养的变性梯度凝胶电泳技术(DGGE),对辽河口芦苇湿地土壤中AOB的丰度、多样性进行了解析,并试图探究AOB同土壤可溶性盐分等环境因素之间的关系.结果表明:芦苇湿地土壤中AOB多样性指数时空分布存在较大差异,同一月份中不同站点之间群落结构相似性较大,AOB细菌数量与土壤可溶性盐分之间存在显著负相关关系(P<0.05),与土壤总氮和有机质含量之间存在极显著性正相关关系(P<0.01),表明盐分、总氮和有机质含量是辽河口湿地AOB数量时空分布的重要影响因素.     

规划环评中景观非生态功能影响评价实例

以景观概念作为融合自然与社会、科学与美学、理性与感性的结合点,研究了景观非生态功能的内涵及其评价技术理论框架,从景观功能中提炼出景观非生态功能概念,初步完成景观非生态功能评价指标体系的构建.评价技术体系设计突出环境影响评价中现状评价的客观性以及影响预测的科学性.以人感尺度下的评价对象——景观单元概念为创新点,该评价体系补充并完善了现有景观评价体系的技术链条,在保证评价精度的前提下,简化并规范了评价工作流程.该评价体系沿用现有环境影响评价所广泛采用的现状评价、影响源分析、影响预测评价及措施建议的技术思路,基本能满足现行技术规范的要求.以武汉市后官湖生态宜居新城规划环评为例,验证了该体系的可操作性,为我国规划环评在景观评价技术领域的发展提供理论和实践参考.      

基于景观格局的三峡库区生态脆弱性评价

三峡库区是我国的生态环境敏感脆弱区,进行生态脆弱性评价对于掌握其生态脆弱特征和识别生态环境问题具有重要意义. 基于遥感 (RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)空间分析技术,综合考虑景观格局和区域生态2类影响因素,进行三峡库区生态脆弱性评价. 结果表明:①景观类型中,脆弱度由高到低依次为水体、林地、旱地、草地和水田. ②景观破碎度与区域生态脆弱性之间的相关性显著,反映了人类活动对三峡库区生态环境的干扰剧烈. ③三峡库区生态脆弱区可划分为——Ⅰ区(0.171 500≤EVI＜0.191 225),Ⅱ区(0.191 225≤EVI＜0.210 950),Ⅲ区(0.210 950≤EVI＜0.230 675),Ⅳ区(0.230 675≤EVI≤0.250 400). 其中,Ⅲ区和Ⅳ区生态脆弱程度较高,主要分布在水域及其岸边带、高海拔区域和岩溶地貌区域. 特殊的地形地貌是三峡库区生态环境敏感脆弱的重要因素,而人类行为干扰是造成生态环境退化的决定性因子.      

Continuous versus binary representations of landscape heterogeneity in spatially-explicit models of mobile populations

How a landscape is represented is an important structural assumption in spatially-explicit simulation models. Simple models tend to specify just habitat and non-habitat (binary), while more complex models may use multiple levels or a continuum of habitat quality (continuous). How these different representations influence model projections is unclear. To assess the influence of landscape representation on population models, I developed a general, individual-based model with local dispersal and examined population persistence across binary and continuous landscapes varying in the amount and fragmentation of habitat. In binary and continuous landscapes habitat and non-habitat were assigned a unique mean suitability. In continuous landscapes, suitability of each individual site was then drawn from a normal distribution with fixed variance. Populations went extinct less often and abundances were higher in continuous landscapes. Production in habitat and non-habitat was higher in continuous landscapes, because the range of habitat suitability sampled by randomly dispersing individuals was higher than the overall mean habitat suitability. Increasing mortality, dispersal distance, and spatial heterogeneity all increased the discrepancy between continuous and binary landscapes. The effect of spatial structure on the probability of extinction was greater in binary landscapes. These results show that, under certain circumstances, model projections are influenced by how variation in suitability within a landscape is represented. Care should be taken to assess how a given species actually perceives the landscape when conducting population viability analyses or empirical validation of theory.     

潜流人工湿地理化性质及不同形态氮素的空间分布

对潜流人工湿地系统的可溶解氧、pH、氧化还原电位以及水温等理化因子和不同形态氮素的空间分布进行了较全面研究。结果表明,潜流人工湿地上部溶解氧高于下部;湿地下部pH较小,主要在6.9～7.2之间;氧化还原电位表现为上部前端氧化,下部后端还原;湿地装置内下部温度总体比上部要高,前端表现得尤其明显;湿地前端上部是COD和氨氮降解的主要场所,在前端下部区域硝氮的浓度低而亚硝氮、氨氮的浓度相对较高;湿地系统中亚硝氮含量较低,仅在前端中下部有所积累;总氮浓度在湿地前端较高而后端较低,其去除率在根本上依赖于反硝化作用的强度。