富营养化城市景观水体表观污染下的悬浮颗粒物粒度分布特征

悬浮颗粒物粒度分布特征反映城市景观水体表观污染状况,为研究富营养化城市景观水体表观污染与悬浮颗粒物粒度分布的内在联系及其影响因素,在苏州市市内的典型富营养化河道:枫津河,选取5个代表性取样点,测定水中悬浮颗粒物粒度分布、表观污染指数(SPI)及水质指标,并分析其相关性.结果表明,富营养型水体中悬浮颗粒物具有相似的粒度分布特征,粒度分布存在多峰,且出峰位置大致相同,悬浮颗粒物的粒度分布由多个组分叠加构成.悬浮颗粒物粒度分布最多可分为6个组分,各组分粒径范围分别为1.5μm、1.5~8μm、8~35μm、35~186μm、186~516μm、516μm.组分Ⅲ是优势组分(体积分数均值38.3%~43.2%).组分Ⅲ体积分数与SPI值、Chl-a浓度呈显著正相关,组分Ⅲ体积分数的增大是该类水体表观污染程度加深的粒度结果表征,该组分体积分数的增大主要来自于藻含量增加;组分Ⅳ+组分Ⅴ+组分Ⅵ体积分数在有外源时明显高于无外源时,无外源时组分Ⅳ+组分Ⅴ+组分Ⅵ体积分数与SPI值显著负相关,有外源时组分Ⅳ+组分Ⅴ+组分Ⅵ体积分数与SPI值存在较弱的正相关但未达到显著水平.环境因子(F_v/F_m和DO)和外源因子作用水体主要表观污染物质藻类的含量,进而影响悬浮颗粒物各组分的体积分数和水体表观质量;水动力条件作用悬浮颗粒物粒径,较大水动力使中值粒径增大,对水体表观质量未产生显著影响.     

国家湿地公园时空格局特征

采用标准差椭圆、点模式分析、统计分析等方法,运用ArcGIS可视化技术,从时间和空间视角分析国家湿地公园的空间格局特征,并探究其与城市的区位关系。研究表明：（1）国家湿地公园在时间序列上分为试点起步阶段、发展与成长阶段和规范发展阶段,各地发展不均衡,“质”的发展不同步于“量”,正式国家湿地公园处于规范发展的起步时期;（2）多尺度空间研究表明正式国家湿地公园空间以聚集分布形态为主,随机分布为辅,整体呈东北—西南分布格局,形成2个高密度热点区和3个中密度次热点区;（3）从城市尺度看,正式国家湿地公园呈现较大空间异质性,具有偏向城市规划区内或靠近城市规划区分布的特征;（4）正式国家湿地公园呈现为人口格局主导特征,响应了胡焕庸线的指导意义。     

国家保护地体系建设：西方标准反思与中国路径探讨

借鉴西方标准曾对我国保护地制度的建立起到了重要作用。然而,当前国际标准对我国已建立起来的保护地体系已经显现出不适用,因此有必要对其进行反思。回溯我国及世界保护地制度的建立过程及其关联,由于我国在国际保护地标准制定过程中参与度过低,导致我国保护地的特性与发展阶段需求在国际标准中体现不足。我国保护地具有的文化景观属性,即传统的“天人合一”的环境观与西方人和自然对立的思想截然不同。我国保护地面临着保护与发展双重挑战,直接将基于特定人口状况和发展阶段的保护地所制定的标准用于其他状况下的保护地,其合理性存在着问题。应更加批判地看待西方标准,积极探讨可持续和平发展的中国路径。     

生物炭对滨海湿地盐碱土壤碳氮循环的影响

滨海湿地盐碱土壤在全球碳氮循环及调节气候变化中起着重要作用。环境友好型土壤改良剂生物炭（Biochar,BC）在缓解气候变化和促进农业可持续发展方面前景巨大。然而,现有研究多关注BC对滨海湿地盐碱土壤中温室气体排放及土壤氮素流失的影响,缺乏其对滨海湿地盐碱土壤碳氮循环的深入研究和系统总结。本文综合分析了施用BC对滨海湿地盐碱土壤植被碳库、有机碳库、有机碳矿化及生物固氮、硝化、反硝化、矿化、氨损失等碳氮循环过程的影响和可能机制。指出未来应关注长期野外研究,利用宏基因组等现代分子生物技术,阐明BC对土壤碳氮循环影响的分子生物学机制,以期为滨海湿地生态系统的修复与功能保育提供理论依据。     

Benefits, efforts and risks of participants in landscape co-management: an analytical framework and results from two case studies in Austria

Participatory processes in general and also in relation to managing landscape issues are gathering importance mostly due to arguments surrounding legitimacy and effectiveness in decision-making. The main aim of this research, based on a transaction costs perspective, is to present an integrated analytical framework in order to determine individual efforts (time, money), benefits and risks of participants in landscape co-management processes. Furthermore a reflection on the analytical approach developed and arising lessons to be learned for landscape co-management are presented. In the analytical framework benefit-components comprise of factors such as 'contributing to landscape maintenance/development and nature protection', 'representing one's interest group', 'co-deciding on relevant topics', 'providing and broadening one's knowledge' and 'building networks'. The risks of participation are related to a lack of information and agreements, missing support and actual decision-making power. The analytical framework is applied to two case studies in Austria: an EU LIFE-Nature project and a Cultural Landscape Project of the Provincial Government of Lower Austria. Analysis of the effort-benefit-relations provides an indication for a more effective design of co-management. Although the processes are rated as quite adequate, there is a low willingness of participants to commit additional time to co-management processes. In contrast to the Cultural Landscape Project, in the LIFE-Nature project, professionally involved persons participate next to partly and full volunteers. These uneven conditions of participation and an unfair distribution of transaction costs, jeopardize the promising chances co-management bears for landscape governance.     

人工湿地植物净化生活污水研究现状与展望

随着经济的发展,人民生活水平提高,农村生活污水造成的环境污染不断加剧.成为影响水环境质量的重要因素.植物在人工湿地中具有非常重要的作用,是人工湿地生态系统中重要的组成部分.在检索相关文献的基础上,从人工湿地植物类型、常用植物、植物选择、去污机理、去污作用的影响因素等方面,对生活污水的人工湿地净化作了简要综述,并从6个方...     

Understanding the Factors That Influence Headwater Stream Flows in Response to Storm Events1

Stanfield, Les W. and Don A. Jackson, 2011. Understanding the Factors That Influence Headwater Stream Flows in Response to Storm Events. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐22. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00518.x Abstract: Headwater drainage features (first‐ to second‐order streams) are the capillaries of the landscape that, among other things, moderate the timing and volumes of water available to the riparian and aquatic ecosystems. How these features respond to summer rainfall is poorly understood. We studied how geology and an index of land use/land cover influenced peak flows following rainfall events in 110 headwater stream sites that were studied over a four‐month period during a drought year. Highest peak flows were observed in the most urbanized catchments and in poorly drained soils, but specific responses were variable depending on both geology and land disturbance. Redundancy analysis indicated that both surficial geology and land disturbance were important factors influencing peak flows under drought conditions. We conclude that responses of these headwater streams to individual storms during drought conditions are unpredictable from data collected using our methods, but increased peak flows were associated with increased urban and agricultural development, but mitigated by surficial geology. These findings demonstrate the challenges to accurately predict flow conditions in headwater streams during periods of extreme weather that concurrently have the greatest potential effect on biota. The combination of these challenges and importance of such events indicates the need to develop new approaches to study and manage these resources.     

铁对马蹄莲除磷效果的影响

采用营养液培养方法研究Fe对马蹄莲系统除磷效果的影响.实验结果显示,硫铁矿渣和FeCl3均能提高废水中磷的净化效果,FeCl3对马蹄莲净化废水中的总磷、水溶性磷效果尤为明显.与对照相比,FeCl3＋马蹄莲系统对TP平均去除率提高14.75%,水溶性磷比对照高9.25%.随着时间的延长,SOD和POD都是先上升后下降,C...     

湿润区与干旱区典型湖泊湿地对比案例研究

选取东部湿润区与西北干早区典型湖泊湿地--洞庭湖湿地与艾比湖湿地,对其湿地资源特征、湿地生态服务功能及价值、湿地退化的表征和退化湿地生态恢复对策等方面进行了比较研究.通过研究发现,湿润区湖泊湿地资源禀赋优于干早区湖泊湿地,湿润区湖泊湿地与干旱区湖泊湿地均具有较强的生态服务功能和较高的价值,在湿地退化表征方面有共性也有差异,针对不同气候区域的退化湖泊湿地应采取不同的恢复对策.     

湖南省湿地自然保护区管理评价

从基本管理、长期管理、资金支持、社区共管4个主要方面制定了管理有效性评价的13项评价标准,对湖南省目前6个湿地类型自然保护区进行评估。研究表明,这些保护区在渔业资源保护方面起到了重要作用,但其面临着经费紧缺、基础设施不足和社区参与薄弱等诸多问题。