湿地生态系统恢复研究综述

湿地恢复研究是当今恢复生态学研究的主要内容之一。从湿地恢复的基本概念入手,阐述了恢复与湿地恢复的基本内涵,简述了国内外湿地恢复研究的进展。以生态学原理为基础,分析了湿地恢复的3个基本原则,即可行性原则、稀缺性和优先性原则、美学原则。也阐述了湿地恢复的主要目标。从沼泽、河流及河缘湿地、湖泊出发,简述了湿地恢复的基本策略。文中还从生态、社会、经济相整合的角度剖析了湿地恢复的合理性问题。文章最后对湿地恢复项目计划的制定与监测进行了探讨。     

中国耕地资源的区域差异与保护问题

采用土地整理工程手段建设基本农田,有助于实现耕地数量保护与质量提高,但必须遵循因地制宜的原则。论文根据自然地理区划和各地区的地貌特征,从分布特点、地类结构和利用水平等方面,对中国耕地资源的现状进行分析;针对自然条件和经济发展水平的区域差异,提出各地区耕地资源建设和保护的方向与重点。东部季风区应重点完善农田水利设施,改造现有中低产田,提高土地生产能力;西北干旱区不宜大规模开发,要着重发展农业节水技术,提高水资源利用率,防治土地退化;青藏高原区则应限制开垦。在土地整理与耕地资源建设中,因地制宜具体表现在生态保护、量力而行和重在效用3个方面。     

生物法-人工湿地工艺处理采油废水及其有机物的降解特性

采用水解酸化-好氧-人工湿地和水解酸化-人工湿地2种工艺流程处理油田某联合处理站经隔油、混凝处理的采油废水,并运用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)技术研究采油废水处理过程中有机物的迁移降解规律.结果表明,水解酸化(水力停留时间HRT=20 h)好-氧(HRT=10 h人)-工湿地(HRT=2 d)与水解酸化(HRT=20 h人)-工湿地(HRT=4 d),2种工艺的出水水质都能达到COD≤80 mg/L、NH+4-N≤15 mg/L.GC-MS分析结果表明,水解酸化能显著改善采油废水的可生化性,好氧及人工湿地对含苯环类有机污染物处理效果显著.     

Heavy metal （Pb,Zn） uptake and chemical changes in rhizosphere soils of four wetland plants with different radial oxygen loss

Lead and Zn uptake and chemical changes in rhizosphere soils of four emergent-rooted wetland plants; Aneilema bracteatum, Cyperus alternifolius, Ludwigia hyssopifolia and Veronica serpyllifolia were investigated by two experiments: (1) rhizobag filled with “clean” or metal-contaminated soil for analysis of Pb and Zn in plants and rhizosphere soils; and (2) applied deoxygenated solution for analyzing their rates of radial oxygen loss (ROL). The results showed that the wetland plants with di erent ROL rates had significant e ects on the mobility and chemical forms of Pb and Zn in rhizosphere under flooded conditions. These e ects were varied with di erent metal elements and metal concentrations in the soils. Lead mobility in rhizosphere of the four plants both in the “clean” and contaminated soils was decreased, while Zn mobility was increased in the rhizosphere of the “clean” soil, but decreased in the contaminated soil. Among the four plants, V. serpyllifolia, with the highest ROL, formed the highest degree of Fe plaque on the root surface, immobilized more Zn in Fe plaque, and has the highest e ects on the changes of Zn form (EXC-Zn) in rhizosphere under both “clean” and contaminated soil conditions. These results suggested that ROL of wetland plants could play an important role in Fe plaque formation and mobility and chemical changes of metals in rhizosphere soil under flood conditions.     

Modeling the e ects of constructed wetland on nonpoint source pollution control and reservoir water quality improvement

This article describes the integrated modeling approach for planning the size and the operation of constructed wetlands for maximizing retention of nonpoint source pollutant loads and reservoir water-quality improvement at a catchment scale. The experimental field-scale wetland systems (four sets, 0.88 ha each) have been in operation since 2002, where water depth was maintained at 30–50 cm and hydraulic loading rate was at 6.3–18.8 cm/day. The wetland system was found to be adequate for treating polluted stream water with stable removal e ciency even during the winter. The integrated modeling system (modified-BASINS) was applied to the Seokmoon estuarine reservoir watershed and calibrated with monitoring data from constructed wetland, stream, and reservoir. The calibrated integrated modeling system estimated that constructing wetlands on 0.5% (about 114 ha) of the watershed area at the mouth of reservoir could reduce 11.61% and 13.49% of total external nitrogen and phosphorus loads, respectively. It also might improve the nitrogen and phosphorus concentration of the reservoir by 9.69% and 16.48%, respectively. The study suggested that about 0.1%–1.0% of the watershed area should be allocated for constructed wetland to meet specified water-quality standards for the estuarine reservoir at the polder area where land use planning is relatively less complicated.     

Cd在无瓣海桑模拟湿地系统中的分布迁移及净化效应

在温室中建立红树林植物无瓣海桑模拟湿地系统,分别用正常、5倍和10倍浓度3种人工配制的生活污水定时定量对模拟系统污灌4个月,研究重金属Cd的分布、迁移以及湿地系统对Cd污染的净化效应。结果表明,污水中的Cd主要存留在土壤子系统中(约90%),只有很少部分迁移到植物体和凋落物中;无瓣海桑各器官中Cd含量在根部最高;模拟系统对污水中Cd的净化效果显著,在植物-土壤-水系统中,正常、5倍和10倍浓度组的净化率分别为96.04%、85.19%和92.24%,在无植物系统中,对应组分别为81.18%、85.46%和80.96%。     

河流湿地氮循环修复过程中的新型功能微生物

自然生态系统中厌氧氨氧化菌和氨氧化古菌的发现,改变了人们对传统氮循环过程的认识.通过氨氧化古菌和厌氧氨氧化菌在缺氧/厌氧的条件下完成硝化反应和封闭的氮循环,对于河流氮循环生态修复意义显著.通过PCR聚合酶链反应结合水体沉积物理化指标,研究典型河流湿地中厌氧氨氧化菌和氨氧化古菌及其在循环中的作用.结果表明,在海河支流北运河湿地中存在厌氧氨氧化菌和氨氧化古菌,它们对于水体和底泥沉积物的氮转化有较重要作用.通过构建16S rRNA克隆文库生物多样性分析比较,发现湿地中厌氧氨氧化菌的生物多样性相对较低,96个克隆序列只分为3个OTUs;其与基因库(GenBank)中已探明的厌氧氨氧化菌Candidatus"Kuenenia stuttgartiensis"和Candidatus"Brocadia fulgida"的相似度分别为98%和95%.通过建立氨氧化古菌克隆文库发现,96个克隆子共得到5个OTUs,其与GenBank中关系最近序列(土壤/沉积物中)的相似度均大于95%;对本实验样本和水相、土壤/沉积物相中不同氨氧化古菌进行进化谱系分析,发现北运河河流湿地的古菌amoA基因属于土壤/沉积物进化分支.     

辽河口湿地沉积物硝化细菌及硝化作用研究

2009年6月和8月,采用现场培养和实验室模拟培养相结合的方法对辽河口湿地表层沉积物硝化细菌数量、硝化速率及影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,辽河口湿地表层沉积物氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)数量6月在0.54×104～5.69×104个.g-1之间,平均值为(2.21±2.32)×104个.g-1,8月在1.90×104～7.90×104个.g-1之间,平均值为(3.61±2.87)×104个.g-1;沉积物潜在硝化速率6月在9.72～16.45 mmol.(m2.h)-1之间,平均值为(12.54±3.14)mmol.(m2.h)-1,8月在14.66～24.62 mmol.(m2.h)-1之间,平均值为(18.71±4.21)mmol.(m2.h)-1;净硝化作用速率6月(S1站)为0.41 mmol.(m2.h)-1,8月在0.20～0.53 mmol.(m2.h)-1之间,平均值为(0.35±0.16)mmol.(m2.h)-1.潜在硝化速率显著高于净硝化速率,AOB数量、净硝化作用速率和潜在硝化作用速率均表现为8月高于6月,芦苇根际效应对硝化作用有促进作用.通过SPSS 13.0软件统计分析,表明影响辽河口湿地表层沉积物硝化作用的主要环境因子有上覆水NH 4+-N浓度和沉积物pH、有机质、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、NH 4+-N含量以及AOB数量(p0.05),其中上覆水NH 4+-N浓度和沉积物总磷(TP)、NH 4+-N含量对硝化作用影响较大,是辽河口湿地硝化作用影响的关键因素.根据研究结果估算辽河口湿地沉积物硝化作用每天可以将1.14×105kg的NH 4+-N转化为NO 3--N,对河口湿地氮的循环具有重要意义.     

REMOVAL OF FLOODWATER SEDIMENTS BY A CLEARCUT TUPELO-CYPRESS WETLAND1

ABSTRACT: A palustrine water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica L.)-baldcy-press (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) swamp in southwestern Alabama was subjected to three types of disturbance, including helicopter logging, rubber-tired skidder logging simulation, and helicopter logging followed by an herbicide application. An adjacent undisturbed stand served as a control area. Post-harvest collection of sedimentation data revealed that the herbaceous and woody vegetation regrowth within the helicopter and skidded clearcut areas trapped more sediments than did the control or herbicide treatment areas. Clearcutting, followed by plant regrowth, improved the wet-land's capacity to remove sediments from overbank flow flood waters.     

山海关海岸带盐生种子植物调查及生态应用探讨

对山海关滨海盐生植物及盐生植被景观和群落配置情况进行实地调查并参考历史文献,发现山海关滨海湿地共有盐生种子植物26科44属51种。结合山海关海岸带的气候、土壤理化性质及土地覆盖和利用的现状,选择乔、灌木类盐生植物3种,藤本类盐生植物1种,中生草本盐生植物5种,旱生草本盐生植物2种,湿生植物4种,共计15种作为滨海地区盐碱地改良和植被恢复的野生植物种类。