Spatially distributed modeling of the long-term carbon balance of a boreal landscape

Spatially and temporally distributed information on the sizes of biomass carbon (C) pools (BCPs) and soil C pools (SCPs) is vital for improving our understanding of biosphere-atmosphere C fluxes. Because the sizes of C pools result from the integrated effects of primary production, age-effects, changes in climate, atmospheric CO₂ concentration, N deposition, and disturbances, a modeling scheme that interactively considers these processes is important. We used the InTEC model, driven by various spatio-temporal datasets to simulate the long-term C-balance in a boreal landscape in eastern Canada. Our results suggested that in this boreal landscape, mature coniferous stands had stabilized their productivity and fluctuated as a weak C-sink or C-source depending on the interannual variations in hydrometeorological factors. Disturbed deciduous stands were larger C-sinks (NEP₂₀₀₄ = 150 gC m⁻² yr⁻¹) than undisturbed coniferous stands (e.g. NEP₂₀₀₄ = 8 gC m⁻² yr⁻¹). Wetlands had lower NPP but showed temporally consistent C accumulation patterns. The simulated spatio-temporal patterns of BCPs and SCPs were unique and reflected the integrated effects of climate, plant growth and atmospheric chemistry besides the inherent properties of the C pool themselves. The simulated BCPs and SCPs generally compared well with the biometric estimates (BCPs: r = 0.86, SCPs: r = 0.84). The largest BCP biases were found in recently disturbed stands and the largest SCP biases were seen in locations where moss necro-masses were abundant. Reconstructing C pools and C fluxes in the ecosystem in such a spatio-temporal manner could help reduce the uncertainties in our understanding of terrestrial C-cycle.     

环介导等温扩增技术(LAMP)检测人星状病毒方法的建立及其在再生水检测中的应用

为快速高效地检测人星状病毒,建立了一种新的试验方法——环介导等温扩增技术(loop-mediated isothermal amplification technology,LAMP),并对人星状病毒LAMP反应条件进行了优化.结果表明,镁离子终浓度为4 mmol·L-1、甜菜碱终浓度为1mol.L-1的25μL体系下...     

不同再生水灌溉方式对土壤-辣椒系统中细菌群落多样性及病原菌丰度的影响

再生水是改善水资源布局和缓解传统水源短缺问题的一种合理且可持续的替代水源,但用于灌溉会引起土壤和作物中微生物群落结构和条件致病菌丰度变化,目前这方面的研究报道较少.本研究以辣椒为对象,设置再生水灌溉(DI)、清水和再生水混灌(MI,清水∶再生水=1∶1)、清水和再生水轮灌(RI)处理,以清水灌溉(PI)为对照,通过温室盆栽试验研究不同灌溉方式对土壤性质的影响,并基于高通量测序技术结合定量PCR方法探讨再生水灌溉下辣椒果实与根际细菌群落组成和病原菌分布丰度特征.结果表明,与清水灌溉相比,再生水直接灌溉增加了土壤EC值,而降低了pH值.16S r DNA高通量测序结果显示,在门分类水平上,Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Actinobacteria和Firmicutes是辣椒果实和根际共有的主要类群,其优势菌属Pantoea、Pseudomonas、Sphingomonas、Sphingopyxis、Luteimonas和Mariniflexile的相对丰度受再生水灌溉方式的影响较大.再生水灌溉分别使辣椒果实和根际中Legionella spp.和Pseudomonas syringae丰度显著增加,并且对病原菌丰度的影响差异较大.综上所述,再生水适宜作为农业灌溉用水,但不同灌溉方式可能不同程度上引入微生物污染问题,其中特定条件致病菌和植物病原菌值得关注.     

两种工艺对污水再生水中微量有机物的去除效果

以20种微量有机污染物为目标物,针对北京市2个再生水厂的不同工艺,系统地考察了污水再生水中目标化合物的去除效果,并采用重组酵母雌激素活性筛检法(YES法)对再生水中雌激素活性进行评价.结果表明,超滤(UF)+臭氧(O3)氧化处理工艺可有效地去除微量有机污染物,出水中雌二醇当量浓度(EEQ)低于YES法检出范围.A2/O+膜生物反应器(MBR)+反渗透(RO)处理工艺对微量有机污染物有很高的去除能力,出水中可检测出的目标化合物较少.2种工艺均可降低再生水的环境风险,保障其使用安全.     

氧化-微絮凝-高速过滤应用于再生水生产的研究

以中国北方缺水地区污水再生利用为目标,采用常规滤料双层过滤探讨高速微絮凝、氧化过滤再生水处理技术,试验通过不同的滤料级配、滤层厚度的对比试验;采用3种混凝剂和3种助凝剂做筛选试验,发现采用1#混凝剂,HFO助凝剂做絮凝氧化剂效果较理想,得出高速微絮凝氧化过滤工艺处理城市污水厂二级出水的工艺是可行的。试验装置的滤池单位面积周期产水量为50m3/(m2.h),最佳工艺条件下出水浊度去除率为92.21%,平均浊度为0.889NTU;COD去除率为55.58%,平均为22.33mg/L;PO34--P去除率为84%,平均为0.135mg/L;色度去除率为80.7%,平均为1.45度,完全符合GB/T18920-2002《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水质》要求。     

热电厂再生水回用工艺分析

介绍一套日处理量14 400 t的再生水回用工艺,该工艺应用预处理+反渗透工艺深度处理二级城市污水并将产水回用于热电厂的循环冷却水及锅炉补给水的源水,分析了该工艺关键单元的特点。运行结果表明:该工艺可行,产水各项指标满足该热电厂对回用水的要求。最后,对工艺运行过程中出现的问题提出解决办法和改进建议。     

复垦红壤中牧草根际微生物群落功能多样性

通过盆栽试验研究了浙江省诸暨铜矿区复垦红壤牧草根际微生物生物量及群落功能多样性的变化.结果表明,种植不同牧草使矿区土壤根际微生物生物量碳发生了显著的变化,其影响大小因矿区土壤污染程度而异.无污染和轻度污染土壤根际微生物生物量碳变化表现为黑麦草+三叶草>三叶草>黑麦草>未种植土壤,处理间差异均达显著水平(P<0.05),重度污染环境下各处理间差异不明显.Biolog数据分析显示,种植不同牧草的矿区土壤根际微生物群落结构和功能多样性也发生了相应改变,根际土壤微生物群落代谢剖面(AWCD)均显著高于未种植牧草土壤,处理间差异达极显著水平(P<0.001).典型变量分析揭示了不同牧草根际微生物群落利用碳源种类和数量存在明显差异.     

再生水补给型景观水体微生物健康风险评价——以圆明园为例

再生水作为景观水体的非常规补给水源被全球各个国家广泛使用,而其内病原微生物的存在可能会通过不同传输途径对人体健康产生一定的威胁.因此,本文以粪大肠菌群(Fecal Coliform,FC)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli,EC)、肠球菌(Enterococcus,ENT)为研究对象,系统调查了圆明园景观水体...     

再生水灌溉对苜蓿生长及养分吸收的影响

论文在盆栽条件下,研究了再生水灌溉对苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.cv.‘Algonquin’)生长及养分吸收的影响。试验设置了清水、再生水两种灌水类型,高、中、低3个不同灌水水平。结果表明:同一灌水类型条件下,苜蓿植株生长高度随灌水量减少而降低,同一灌水水平下,灌溉水类型对植株高度无明显影响;不同的灌水水平对植株侧枝数的影响差异不显著,但灌溉水类型对植株侧枝数影响差异显著,所有处理中再生水高水平灌溉侧枝数增幅最大;与清水相比,再生水灌溉能显著增加苜蓿干物质产量;在苜蓿生长前期,再生水灌溉对苜蓿根系生长具有阻碍作用;灌溉水类型对苜蓿植株体内吸收氮、磷、钙、镁吸收量的影响主要在其生长前期,灌溉水类型对苜蓿体内钾含量无明显影响。     

Biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in drip irrigation emitters distributing reclaimed wastewater

Using reclaimed wastewater for crop irrigation is a practical alternative to discharge wastewater treatment plant effluents into surface waters.However,biofouling has been identified as a major contributor to emitter clogging in drip irrigation systems distributing reclaimed wastewater.Little is known about the biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in the drip emitter flow path.This study was first to investigate the microbial characteristics of mature biofilms present in the emitters and the effect of flow path structures on the biofilm microbial communities.The analysis of biofilm matrix structure using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that particles in the matrix of the biofilm coupled extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and formed sediment in the emitter flow path.Analysis of biofilm mass including protein,polysaccharide and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) showed that emitter flow path style influenced biofilm community structure and diversity.The correlations of biofilm biomass and discharge reduction after 360 h irrigation were computed and suggest that PFLAs provide the best correlation coefficient.Comparatively,the emitter with the unsymmetrical dentate structure and shorter flow path (Emitter C) had the best anti-clogging capability.By optimizing the dentate structure,the internal flow pattern within the flow path could be enhanced as an important method to control the biofilm within emitter flow path.This study established electron microscope techniques and biochemical microbial analysis methods that may provide a framework for future emitter biofilm studies.