白腐真菌降解阿维菌素废水的试验研究

利用前期实验筛选出的4株优势白腐真菌，处理阿维菌素废水经厌氧处理后的出水，实验结果表明，白腐真菌对该废水具有较好的处理效果，且其生长特性与处理效果基本正相关。     

Assessment of Contamination By Percolation Of Septic Tank Effluent Through Natural and Amended Soils

Fly ash has been found to be a potential material for the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater, and may be useful in the treatment of septic tank effluent. Laboratory columns (30 cm) were used to determine the sorption capacity and hydraulic properties of lagoon fly ash, loamy sand, sand, and sand amended by lagoon fly ash (30 and 60%) and red mud gypsum (20%). The removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was high in all column effluents (71–93%). Extent of nitrification was high in Spearwood sand, Merribrook loamy sand and 20% red mud gypsum amended Spearwood sand. However, actual removal of nitrogen (N) was high in columns containing lagoon fly ash. Unamended Spearwood sand possessed only minimal capacity for P sorption. Merribrook loamy sand and red mud gypsum amended sand affected complete P removal throughout the study period of 12 weeks. Significant P leakage occurred from lagoon fly ash amended sand columns following 6–10 weeks of operation. Neither lagoon fly ash nor red mud gypsum caused any studied heavy metal contamination including manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) of effluent. It can be concluded that Merribrook loamy sand is better natural soil than Spearwood sand as a filter medium. The addition of lagoon fly ash enhanced the removal of P in Spearwood sand but the efficiency was lower than with red mud gypsum amendment.     

厦门中华白海豚的重金属含量

对厦门港海域８只中华白海豚成体和幼仔体内的重金属含量进行了测定。结果表明，与鱼类和无脊上比，中华白海豚的重金属含量很高。成年的含量观于幼仔；肝的含量大大超过其他部位。中华白海豚的重金属含量高，与其它处于海洋食物链的的最顶级密切相关。     

遵循“循环经济”理论治理“白色污染”

1990年 4月自《人民日报》提出废弃塑料农膜污染环境的问题后 ,发泡塑料餐具和塑料薄膜包装袋等引发的环境问题接踵而来 ,且愈演愈烈。如何防治 ?各持己见 ,争论不休。一些地方政府、行政主管部门采取“封堵”的办法 ,颁布法规或命令 ,禁止生产、销售和使用这类产品 ;另一些地方认为出现环境污染的根源是管理不善 ,是人的素质问题 ,他们选用疏导方式 ,遵循“循环经济”理论 ,宣传“三R”原则 (即减少使用、重复使用和再生利用 ) ,建立并运作回收利用机制 ,将废弃的塑料制品回收再利用。结果是 :前者因推上市场的替代品卫生状况、使用性能难以达到既定标准 ,价格偏高 ,消费者难以接受 ,迄今为止仍然禁而不止 ;后者将进入环境的废旧塑料制品回收再利用 ,目前某些类型废塑料产品的回收率已达 60 %以上 ,市容景观明显改善 ,生态环境问题有所缓解。有的城市还拟将这种治理方式推广 ,用于治理其它废弃物污染环境问题     

碱渣与生活垃圾混合填埋的实验研究

以碱渣(白泥)和生活垃圾按不同比例混合填埋,模拟真实垃圾填埋场的垃圾降解条件,进行垃圾降解实验以探索白泥存在对垃圾填埋场垃圾降解过程的影响。通过21周的室内模拟实验,垃圾填埋时填加白泥可以提高渗滤液出水的pH值和电导率DS值,降低出水的COD值。得出垃圾填埋时加入适量白泥是经济有效的固体废弃物处理处置方法的结论。     

黄孢原毛平革菌反复脱色模拟染料废水的试验研究

研究了白腐真菌黄孢原毛平革菌在35℃、150r／min条件下培养3d后，培养基类型、染料浓度以及反复脱色次数对其脱色的影响。玉米芯浸出液是首选的可替代营养源的物质，培养3d的黄孢原毛平革菌6h脱色率即达92％。黄孢原毛平革菌能够在短时间(6h)基本脱色较高浓度(40mg／L，60mg／L)的活性艳红K-2BP模拟染料废水，对于低浓度(10mg／L，20mg／L)脱色作用则比较缓慢，浓度超过150mg／L即显示出对菌的毒性作用。玉米芯浸出液培养3d的菌可以重复脱色模拟废水6次以上，每批脱色率均在82％以上，但菌球的沉降性能变差。     

白泥烟气脱硫技术与燃煤电厂工程应用

系统地考察了白泥的物化特性、白泥脱硫浆液的特性,并对w（白泥浆液）、pH等因素对脱硫性能的影响进行了研究.在国电肇庆热电有限公司2×350 MW超临界锅炉机组上开展了工程化应用研究,对比研究了白泥脱硫与传统石灰石-石膏法脱硫的性能与石膏副产物特性.结果表明:w（白泥浆液）和pH对脱硫效率影响较为明显,w（白泥浆液）低于12.5%的条件（5.0%、8.0%）下,pH由10.0减至6.0时,脱硫效率逐渐减小;w（白泥浆液）为12.5%的条件下,pH对脱硫效率的影响基本可以忽略;在三层浆液喷淋填料塔内,液气比为8 L/m3,空塔气速为0.4 m/s,脱硫效率最高可达96.7%以上.350 MW燃煤电厂白泥脱硫工程应用结果表明,采用单塔双循环工艺,在运行负荷为240~249 MW范围内,ρ（SO₂）为1 948~1 999 mg/m3的条件下,白泥脱硫的效率（99.25%~99.49%）优于石灰石-石膏法（99.18%~99.20%）;白泥作为脱硫剂时,烟气出口ρ（SO₂）最低仅为10 mg/m3,可满足超低排放标准对SO₂控制的要求.研究显示,与石灰石-石膏法生成的石膏副产物相比,白泥脱硫石膏在酸不溶物、含水率等指标及外观方面基本接近,符合建材制品要求,满足副产物资源化要求.      

Ca and OH release of ceramsites containing anorthite and gehlenite prepared from waste lime mud

Lime mud is a kind of solid waste in the papermaking industry, which has been a source of serious environmental pollution. Ceramsites containing anorthite and gehlenite were prepared from lime mud and fly ash through the solid state reaction method at 1050°C. The objective of this study was to explore the efficiency of Ca^2 + and OH⁻ release and assess the phosphorus and copper ion removal performance of the ceramsites via batch experiments, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that Ca^2 + and OH⁻ were released from the ceramsites due to the dissolution of anorthite, gehlenite and available lime. It is also concluded that gehlenite had stronger capacity for Ca^2 + and OH⁻ release compared with anorthite. The Ca^2 + release could be fit well by the Avrami kinetic model. Increases of porosity, dosage and temperature were associated with increases in the concentrations of Ca^2 + and OH⁻ released. Under different conditions, the ceramsites could maintain aqueous solutions in alkaline conditions (pH = 9.3–10.9) and the release of Ca^2 + was not affected. The removal rates of phosphorus and copper ions were as high as 96.88% and 96.81%, respectively. The final pH values of both phosphorus and copper ions solutions changed slightly. The reuse of lime mud in the form of ceramsites is an effective strategy.     

转轮式洗轮机对车轮带泥的冲洗效果

施工车辆车轮带泥是我国道路扬尘污染控制面临的共性和突出问题。为在国内推广使用洗轮机提供技术依据，通过检测工地出口外道路积尘负荷来估算转轮式洗轮机对车轮带泥的冲洗效率，并以该洗轮机作为车轮带泥检测设备，检测和统计北京市车轮带泥量。结果表明，（1）转轮式洗轮机可以将工地出口外100m道路积尘负荷增量由64．4g／m2降至5．9g／m2，转轮式洗轮机对车轮带泥的冲洗效率大于90％；（2）渣土车和混凝土车车轮带泥量的平均值分别为5．1和2．2kg／车；（3）北京市未来车轮带泥量将超过8．8万t／a，施工车辆全部经过转轮式洗轮机冲洗后，车轮带泥量可削减7．9万t／a。建议在相关法律法规中以强制性条款落实施工车辆车轮带泥机械化冲洗要求。     

Application of decision tools to ethical analysis in biodiversity conservation

Achieving ethically responsible decisions is crucial for the success of biodiversity conservation projects. We adapted the ethical matrix, decision tree, and Bateson's cube to assist in the ethical analysis of complex conservation scenarios by structuring these tools so that they can implement the different value dimensions (environmental, social, and animal welfare) involved in conservation ethics. We then applied them to a case study relative to the decision-making process regarding whether or not to continue collecting biomaterial on the oldest of the two remaining northern white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum cottoni), a functionally extinct subspecies of the white rhinoceros. We used the ethical matrix to gather ethical pros and cons and as a starting point for a participatory approach to ethical decision-making. We used decision trees to compare the different options at stake on the basis of a set of ethical desiderata. We used Bateson's cube to establish a threshold of ethical acceptability and model the results of a simple survey. The application of these tools proved to be pivotal in structuring the decision-making process and in helping reach a shared, reasoned, and transparent decision on the best option from an ethical point of view among those available.