微波辅助白腐真菌煤炭脱硫试验研究

将微波技术与生物技术相结合用于煤炭脱硫,采用微波功率1 000 W、辐照时间80 s对煤样进行辐照处理后,考察了初始pH值、煤粉粒径和煤浆浓度对微波辅助白腐真菌脱硫效果的影响,以及脱硫过程中硫化物的转化规律。研究结果表明,微波辐照作用能够缩短脱硫周期,提高有机硫的脱除率。在初始pH值为4.5,煤粉粒径为80～120目,煤浆浓度为10%,浸出时间为3 d的条件下,煤中的全硫、无机硫和有机硫脱除率分别达到52.06%、51.61%和54.22%。     

沉淀——吸附法处理果胶工艺废水

利用果胶废水中的Al（Ⅲ）和石灰乳沉淀,并用炉渣、活性碳脱色的方法,处理盐板法提取果胶的工艺废水。通过正效实验,研究了最佳工艺条件。该工艺处理后的废水,Al（Ⅲ）去除率96.8％,CODCr去除率为92.7％,SO4^2－去除率为61.5％,且废渣产出量少。     

白腐真菌反应器处理废水的研究进展

介绍了白腐真菌的生物学特性及其降解污染物的优势,综述了生物转盘反应器、搅拌釜生物反应器、气升式生物反应器、流化床生物反应器、填充床生物反应器、转管生物反应器、空心纤维反应器等白腐真菌反应器的结构特点和在废水处理方面的研究进展,指出了目前白腐真菌反应器应用中存在的问题。     

不同共代谢基质对白腐菌降解吲哚的作用研究

选用氨氮、苯酚和喹啉作为吲哚的共代谢基质,通过白腐菌BP对共基质体系的降解研究了白腐菌在秸秆滤出液培养基中对不同共基质体系的代谢过程,并进行了动力学分析,考察了不同共代谢基质物质对白腐菌漆酶分泌和吲哚降解的影响.结果显示,不同降解体系中的白腐菌都可去除99%以上的吲哚.充分的氮源可提高白腐菌的活性和漆酶酶活的峰值;共基质苯酚和喹啉可以增加白腐菌漆酶产量,为吲哚的降解提供较多的电子,同时苯酚和喹啉也能得到较高的去除.在秸秆滤出液中,白腐菌在pH为6～8之间对吲哚都具有较强的降解能力.吲哚在白腐菌的代谢过程中,可能首先在吡啶环的2和3位发生一步羰基化.     

多组分细水雾对乙醇汽油的灭火效能研究

分析了细水雾灭火时液滴的吸热蒸发过程和汽油与乙醇汽油的燃烧特性，进行了汽油、乙醇在封闭空间内从燃烧到自行熄灭时的含氧量变化测量。进行了多组分细水雾与细水雾的灭火性能比较，和用多组分细水雾对汽油火、乙醇汽油火的灭火性能试验。研究表明，多组分细水雾比普通细水雾具有更好的灭火效果，乙醇汽油火的灭火难度要比汽油火的大，多组分细水雾用于乙醇汽油场合灭火时，其灭火工作压力要大于用于汽油的场合。     

厌氧生物处理技术在抗生素废水处理中的应用

抗生素废水是一类成分复杂、硫酸盐浓度高、含有多种抑制性物质的高浓度难降解有机废水，主要来源于抗生素生产废水、洗涤废水和冷却水等。分析了抗生素废水的来源和水质特征，介绍了国内外抗生素废水治理的各种厌氧生物处理技术方法及其应用，最后对厌氧生物法应用于抗生素废水处理的前景进行了展望。     

Distribution of White Whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in the White Sea and the Southeastern Region of the Barents Sea during the Ice Season

The habitats, relative occurrence, and distribution of the white whale in the White Sea and the southeastern Barents sea in every month of the ice season have been studied using the results of an aerial ice survey along standard routes from 1970–1991. In these seas, white whales have been found in each month of the ice season, with single animals, groups, schools or gams, herds, and large congregations of several hundred animals accounting for 10, 22.8, 47.2, 12.9, and 7% of all aggregations of white whales observed, respectively. The relative occurrence of white whales in the White Sea is higher in March and May (32.5 and 30%, respectively) and lower in February, January, and November (15, 10, and 7.5%, respectively); in December and April, the whales are observed very seldom (2.5% in both months). In the southeastern Barents Sea, the relative occurrence of white whales is highest in May (53.3%) and considerably lower in December and February (16.7 and 10%); only a few animals are found during the remaining ice season. Regarding different habitats, the relative occurrences of white whales in open water, in water openings in the ice, near the edge of pack ice, and in ice packs with different degrees of closeness are 21.5, 11.4, 45.7, and 21.4%, respectively.     

白腐真菌对染料脱色及降解过程机理和影响因素

许多白腐真菌对染料具有广谱的脱色和降解能力 ,其脱色及降解作用可能主要是由于其在次生代谢阶段产生的木质素过氧化酶LiPs和锰过氧化酶MnPs所致。培养条件对白腐真菌脱色及降解活性有较大的影响 ,在培养基中加入藜芦醇和二价锰等能够显著提高木质素过氧化酶的产生 ;富氮培养基会抑制LiPs的生成 ;硫脲、叠氮化物、氰化物等均能明显地抑制白腐真菌的脱色及降解活性 ;缓冲液的选择对维持稳定的 pH值和菌丝的形态有一定作用 ,从而影响其脱色效果 ;富氧环境是一切白腐真菌对染料进行脱色和降解的必要条件 ;适度的搅拌混合有利于反应时的物质之间传递 ;一般地 ,在培养时间达到 3天以后白腐真菌才能达到较高的脱色与降解活性。染料分子大小和结构及其基团的位置对脱色及降解效果有明显影响。使用特殊填料极大地提高处理系统中的生物量以克服真菌生长速度相对较慢、提高处理能力是该技术今后的研究重点。     

市场机制在白色污染物回收处置中的应用探讨——以上海一次性塑料餐具废弃物为例

近10年来上海城市生活垃圾组分中,以塑料为代表的包装废物的组分份额上升趋势尤为显著;上海GDP持续高速增长,但单位GDP城市废弃物清运量的下降率却显著低于GDP的年均增长率,一定程度上说明环卫行业的投资渠道较为单一,缺乏竞争和优化配置的市场机制;上海各类废弃塑料主要流向江浙一带,进行小规模低技术层次的加工处理,容易形成隐蔽的废品交易暗流;造成“白色污染”屡禁不止的重要原因是忽视了基于生产者责任的市场调控机制,社会化的回收体系薄弱;上海从2000年10月起,对一次性塑料餐具的回收处置建立了基于生产者责任的市场机制,由于一次性塑料饭盒的区域回收网络建设滞后,实施的效果有效但仍有限.     

Biologically active secondary metabolites in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) – a review focusing on contents in the plant, plant–pest interactions and transformation

Summary.  To exploit biologically active compounds from white clover (Trifolium repens L.) for suppressing weeds and soil-borne diseases, either as isolated products (biopesticides) or through cultivars with enhanced production of these compounds, the biologically active compounds must be identified, plant content measured, and their fate in soil known. The present review summarizes the published knowledge needed for such exploitation; providing essential information on structure and concentration of flavonols, flavones, condensed tannins, isoflavones, isoflavanones, pterocarpans, coumestans, cyanogenic glucosides, and saponins in healthy and stressed white clover plants. Various stresses and particular cultivars affect the concentrations of several of the compounds. Information on biological effects and the degradation/transformation of these compounds in plants or by microorganisms is available. There is no information on the degradation pathway in soil, the mechanisms of exudation and leaching of compounds from plants, and soil sorption properties of the compounds. The clover soil fatigue problem is increasing in grasslands and causes problems especially in organic farming. Research efforts focused on biological elements of clover soil fatigue have not explained it, and the influence of secondary metabolites has not been investigated. There are few investigations into the interaction between beneficial fungi/fungal-diseases and the occurrence of biologically active secondary metabolites in white clover plants. Such studies are critical to better understand beneficial fungi and pathogens.