某万亩果园野生动物生态环境现状及改善措施研究

为了初步了解万亩果园湿地生态公园的野生动物种类及分布情况,采用线路调查为主,点面结合的方法对园内的野生动物展开调查.调查结果显示:该园中野生动物以鸟类为主,共有5目19科32种,且以雀形目为主.从食性来看,食虫鸟类最多,占万亩果园鸟类总数的53.1％.从居留型来看,鸟类以留鸟居多,共有28种,占总种数的87.5％.通过分析生态环境现状影响野生动物栖息的原因,提出了增加植被配置、设立相对封闭区域和加强农药使用管理的改善措施.     

大豆栽培种和野生种豆类胰岛素的基因分析

以栽培大豆和野生大豆的基因组ＤＮＡ为材料,利用ＰＣＲ技术扩增并克隆了豆类胰岛素基因,分析了两者的ＤＮＡ序列．结果表明,测定的ＤＮＡ序列分别为８４１ｂｐ和９０３ｂｐ,有４个核苷酸差异;在信号肽编码区域内各存在一个内含子,大小分别为３６８和３７０个核苷酸;在ＯＲＦ范围内,与前人报导的ｃＤＮＡ序列分别有１个和２个位点的核苷酸差异,从而导致相应位点的氨基酸发生变化．Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交表明,栽培大豆和野生大豆的豆类胰岛素基因分别以单拷贝和多拷贝形式存在于基因组中     

青岛崂山的野生草本药用花卉及其开发利用

研究了青岛崂山野生草本药用花卉的生物学特征、生态分布、观赏及药用价值 ,讨论了它们的开发利用途径 ,以期为青岛崂山野生草本药用花卉的合理开发和持续利用提供可靠、详实的依据。     

我国绿色银行立法问题探讨

环境要素已成为考量银行业发展的重要指标,为达到社会可持续发展目的 ,从立法的正当性和可行性出发,以环境保护与经济发展关系的视角分析绿色银行立法中的问题.通过规范分析方法发现我国绿色银行在立法层次、软法特征和制度保障方面的问题.对此,通过坚持绿色银行基本理念、推进绿色银行"硬法"和"软法"沟通协调、健全绿色银行制度保障等...     

松软煤层多孔爆破的裂纹分布及区域电阻率响应实验研究*

为获得松软煤层多孔爆破的裂纹分布及区域电阻率响应特征,利用岩体和煤体的三层物理模型,开展松软煤层多孔模型爆破实验,借助图像处理与电阻率层析成像技术,分析松软煤层多孔爆破的裂纹分布特征,得出爆破前后电阻率的响应规律。结果表明:在爆生裂隙形成的同时,控制孔内侧煤体呈现出断裂式和非断裂式2种位移现象,部分抵消了爆破孔扩腔带来的挤压作用;提出采用爆生裂隙、控制孔及爆破孔面积变化三者的综合值（S）分析爆破效果,单孔爆破时,S＜0,煤层裂隙分形维数变化率仅5%,控制区域呈现压实现象,电阻率降低约20%;多孔爆破时,爆生裂隙丰富、煤体发生充分位移,裂隙分形维数变化率达到21.28%,爆破孔空腔的负效应被抵消（S＞0）,控制区域内电阻率普遍增大1~30倍;与单孔爆破模型相比,多孔爆破更符合煤矿现场,且能有效实现控制区域内的增透,电阻率普遍呈现增大现象。     

Characteristics of organic acid profiles in 16 species of wild growing edible mushrooms

The aim of study was to determine 9 organic acids in nine aboveground and seven wood-growing wild edible mushroom species originated from an area under the direct influence of a busy trunk road in Poland. The organic acids in the extracts of samples were identified by reversed-phase column liquid chromatography (RPLC). The presented results show that all the mushroom species were characterized by high variation in the profile and content of the analyzed acids. Each of mushroom species contained oxalic acid, the profiles of the other acids strictly depended on mushroom species. Among aboveground species, the highest total content of organic acids was found in Lepista gilva (267.5 ± 26.6 mg g^?1 dry weight (DW)), while Laccaria amethystina was characterized by the lowest content (37.7 ± 6.5 mg g^?1 DW). Within wood-growing species, the highest content of organic acids was determined in Flammulina velutipes (171.9 ± 26.7 mg g^?1 DW), whereas the lowest content (34.2 ± 2.9 mg g^?1 DW) of the studied acids was observed in Grifola frondosa.     

The Influence of the Biometric Parameters on Metallothionein and Metal Level in the Heat-Treated Cytosol of the Whole Soft Tissue of Transplanted Mussels

The influence of the biometric parameters (shell mass, whole soft tissue mass, condition index) on MT and metal levels in the heat-treated cytosol of the whole soft tissue of transplanted mussels was studied over the period of one year. The positive correlation of three metals (Cd, Fe, Zn) with the shell mass indicated to time-dependent increase of their contents. Strong correlation of Mn content with the whole soft tissue mass (r = 0.74, p < 0.0001), and almost identical changes of these two parameters over the year make Mn a good indicator of mussel's condition. As opposed to the other metals, Cu content does not exhibit connection with biometry. On the other hand, MTs are highly influenced by biometry. As much as 65% of their variability could be explained by the changes of the shell mass and the whole soft tissue mass. Consequently, it is difficult to distinguish if the obtained positive correlation between Cd and MTs (r = 0.48, p < 0.05) reflects MT induction by Cd, or Cd accumulation as a result of age-dependent increase of MTs. Due to the strong influence of the biometry on MT level, the whole soft tissue is not considered as the best choice for measuring MTs as a biomarker. Better option would be to isolate a specific tissue that shows indisputable connection between MT induction and metal accumulation.     

黑岱沟露天煤矿复垦土地野生植物侵入规律及对生态系统的影响

以黄土高原区露天煤矿复垦地为对象,于2005年8月对准格尔旗黑岱沟露天煤矿1992-2005年复垦的364hm2排土场野生植物入侵的种类进行了调查与研究,分析了42个样地上不同野生植物侵入的多度、频度、侵入规律及对生态系统的影响.结果表明:1992-2005年的近15年中,共有115种野生植物自然侵入到排土场内,群落中以1年生植物占优势(＞50%),但多年生植物已比复垦初期(＜5%)增加了很多,在组成上约占总种数的40%～50%,多度高的植物已有多年生植物,且分布于植物群落中.影响复垦植被生长的主要侵入种是披碱草和拂子茅.复垦地野生杂草侵入,表现为①平台侵入种数＞边坡侵入种数,阴坡侵入种数＞阳坡侵入种数;②纯林侵入种数＞混交林侵入种数;③沙棘灌丛侵入种数＞油松侵入种数＞杨树林侵入种数;④黄土覆盖区侵入种数＞土石混排区侵入种数.      

人造硬壳层软土地基处理法的试验研究和理论分析

目前国内建成的大部分高等级道路都采用高填路基。高填路基由于填土较高,相应成本也较高,并且会对道路的质量造成不良的影响,特别是在软土地基上修建高等级公路,还需对软土地基进行加固处理,更增加了建设成本。本文提出了人造硬壳层的方法来处理软土地基,可降低路基高度,减少建设成本。通过对人造硬壳层室内试验、现场测试和采用合适的力学计算模型对人造硬壳层的计算表明,采用人造硬壳层法处理软土地基在技术上是可行的,同时在经济上相对于其它常用处理方法有比较大的优势。     

Sea-Cage Aquaculture, Sea Lice, and Declines of Wild Fish

Abstract: A sea cage, sometimes referred to as a net pen, is an enclosure designed to prevent farm fish from escaping and to protect them from large predators, while allowing a free flow of water through the cage to carry away waste. Farm fish thus share water with wild fish, which enables transmission of parasites, such as sea lice, from wild to farm and farm to wild fishes. Sea lice epidemics, together with recently documented population‐level declines of wild salmon in areas of sea‐cage farming, are a reminder that sea‐cage aquaculture is fundamentally different from terrestrial animal culture. The difference is that sea cages protect farm fish from the usual pathogen‐control mechanisms of nature, such as predators, but not from the pathogens themselves. A sea cage thus becomes an unintended pathogen factory. Basic physical theory explains why sea‐cage aquaculture causes sea lice on sympatric wild fish to increase and why increased lice burdens cause wild fish to decline, with extirpation as a real possibility. Theory is important to this issue because slow declines of wild fish can be difficult to detect amid large fluctuations from other causes. The important theoretical concepts are equilibrium, host‐density effect, reservoir‐host effect, and critical stocking level of farmed fish (stocking level at which lice proliferate on farm fish even if wild fish are not present to infect them). I explored these concepts and their implications without mathematics through examples from salmon farming. I also considered whether the lice‐control techniques used by sea‐cage farmers (medication and shortened grow‐out times) are capable of protecting wild fish. Elementary probability showed that (where W is the abundance of wild fish, W* is the prefarm abundance, F is the abundance of farm fish, and is the ratio of lice per farm fish to lice per wild fish). Declines of wild fish can be reduced by short growing cycles for farm fish, medicating farm fish, and keeping farm stocking levels low. Declines can be avoided only by ensuring that wild fish do not share water with farmed fish, either by locating sea cages very far from wild fish or through the use of closed‐containment aquaculture systems. These principles are likely to govern any aquaculture system where cage‐protected farm hosts and sympatric wild hosts have a common parasite with a direct life cycle.