高真空击密法在京唐港首钢码头地基处理中的应用

高真空击密法是指通过真空排水-击密多遍循环,从而对淤泥粉质黏土进行地基处理的一种方法。通过工程实例,介绍了高真空击密法在京唐港首钢码头有限公司矿石、原辅料及成品泊位地基处理工程中的具体应用,并通过高真空击密法检测试验确定了地基处理施工参数,经处理后的地基增加了土体的密实度,表层形成了固结硬壳层,完成了大部分工前沉降,且地基承载力超过150kPa,能满足工程建设的要求。表明该地基处理方法在本工程中的应用是成功的,对类似工程具有重要的借鉴和推广意义。     

“三软”煤层煤与瓦斯突出事故树分析

掌握煤与瓦斯突出危险性和主要影响因素对突出防治至关重要。运用安全系统工程重要的系统分析方法——事故树分析法对"三软"煤层煤与瓦斯突出危险性进行系统分析,构建了"三软"煤层条件下煤与瓦斯突出的事故树,进行了定性分析和定量计算。结果表明,煤与瓦斯突出发生的概率为0.216 5,导致突出的可能途径有24种,预防突出的可能方案有5种,并计算出了各基本事件的结构重要度、概率重要度和临界重要度,确定了"三软"煤层中影响煤与瓦斯突出各因素的重要程度。     

瓦斯在石门揭构造软煤诱发煤与瓦斯突出中的作用

为了更好地认识和防治煤与瓦斯突出,利用扫描电子显微镜和静态液氮吸附仪研究一种构造软煤的微孔结构特征,同时利用自主搭建的大型石门揭煤相似模拟试验系统,研究石门揭露构造软煤过程中瓦斯压力的变化规律。在试验研究的基础上,分析构造软煤的微孔特性对瓦斯赋存的影响,以及瓦斯在石门揭露构造软煤诱发煤与瓦斯突出中的作用。通过试验得出:构造软煤的结构破坏严重,微孔发育并且为特殊瓶颈的不透气孔,为瓦斯的赋存提供了极为有利的条件;瓦斯在突出的启动和发展过程中起重要作用,即在瓦斯压力突然降低、释放膨胀潜能时,瓦斯压力作为动力来源,加速了煤体向采掘空间抛出的过程。     

极危动物华南虎的生存现状研究

按照生物学的分类，华南虎已经至少是极危等级了，几十年未观察到野生个体的存在，在这样的情况下，有一个个体存在和没有存在几乎没有什么区别了，因为，种群繁衍的基本个体基数已经不存在了，继续下去的结局就是近亲繁殖，种群快速退化，这样的结局也许令人难以接受，但是也许在漫长的一段时间之后，华南虎依然难逃灭绝的命运。野外华南虎已经绝迹，而圈养华南虎近交系数过高，种群面临严重衰退。     

Social and Ecological Change over a Decade in a Village Hunting System,Central Gabon

Despite widespread recognition of the major threat to tropical forest biological diversity and local food security posed by unsustainable bushmeat hunting, virtually no long‐term studies tracking the socioecological dynamics of hunting systems have been conducted. We interviewed local hunters and collected detailed hunting data to investigate changes in offtake and hunter characteristics over 10 years (2001–2010) in Dibouka and Kouagna villages, central Gabon, in the context of hunter recollections of longer term trends since the 1950s. To control for changes in hunter behavior, such as trap location and characteristics, we report hunting offtake data per trap. Our results suggest the hunting area was already highly depleted by 2001; local hunters reported that 16 large‐bodied prey species had become rare or locally extirpated over the last 60 years. Overall, we observed no significant declines in hunting offtake or changes in species composition from 2001 to 2010, and offtakes per trap increased slightly between 2004 and 2010. However, trapping distance from the villages increased, and there was a switch in hunting techniques; a larger proportion of the catch was hunted with guns in 2010. The number of hunters declined by 20% from 2004 to 2010, and male livelihood activities shifted away from hunting. Hunters with the lowest hunting incomes in 2004 were more likely than successful hunters to have moved away from the village by 2010 (often in response to alternative employment opportunities). Therefore, changes in trap success (potentially related to biological factors) were interacting with system‐level changes in hunter number and composition (related to external socioeconomic factors) to produce a relatively static overall offtake. Our results highlight the importance of understanding the small‐scale context of hunting to correctly interpret changes or apparent stasis in hunting effort and offtake over time. Cambio Social y Ecológico a lo Largo de Una Década en un Sistema de Cacería Aldeana, Gabón Central     

On Sustainable Development of Social Forestry in Bangladesh: Experiences from Sal (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Shorea Robusta</Emphasis>) Forests

Sustainability in forestry is a complex amalgam of trade-offs among its various dimensions and there is no easy route to achieve sustainable development. It is important that policy process and implementation strategy of these policies should be based on sound information about these trade-offs. There is a growing consensus amongst key forest decision-makers in Bangladesh that traditional forestry is needed to make the transition to more sustainable forestry, which is likely to involve local people in forest management. As a result, the government has initiated a social forestry program from 1981 with the assistance of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) loan and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) grant and operated mainly in Sal forest areas. The most important objective of this program is to protect, manage, and develop forests in a sustainable way by involving local communities. Although several studies have focused on the management issues of social forestry, none of these studies has evaluated the indicators of sustainable social forestry. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the criteria of sustainable development of social forestry in Bangladesh. The study is based on primary cross-sectional data collected using the multistage stratified sampling technique. In total, 581 social forestry farmers were selected randomly and interviewed using a pre-tested questionnaire. The study evaluated some important components of sustainable development and identified the following conditions of social forestry in Bangladesh:(i) almost all the components of sustainable development of social forestry, although not at the aspiration level, were at good condition;(ii) participants were interested and committed to work with Forest Department in developing social forestry;(iii) they had been utilizing both hard and soft technology in practicing social forestry, although there exists ample scope of development;(iv) income of participants after involving in social forestry had increased, although not at satisfactory level; and(v) process of producing social and material goods had been under progress.However, there exist plenty of scopes for sustainable social forestry development through improving the sustainable development components more carefully.Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

安徽野生祁术的开发与利用

对安徽野生祁术的特点、开发条件、存在问题进行了分析和论述.通过与白术比较,显示出野生祁术的药用价值和经济价值高,具有一定的食用价值(其总糖、Arg和钙含量较高).提出了安徽野生祁术开发的基本对策:强化资源保护和基础技术研究;加大资金投入和人工驯化栽培力度;不断满足市场及旅游经济的需求.     

凉山野生菌类资源的开发与利用

在调查统计的基础上,论述了凉山野生食用菌资源的分布状况,及其在改善膳食结构和发展当地经济的重要作用.为了有效保护和持续利用凉山野生菌类资源,分析了当前该地区野生菌类资源的开发利用状况,并结合当地实际,提出了相应的合理化建议.     

雅鲁藏布江大拐弯地区野果类资源初探

本文通过对雅鲁藏布江大拐弯地区的考察.基本摸清了该地区野生果类资源的种类及分布状况,发现了1000年树龄的野生果树.以及可供科研和开发利甲的种质资源.同时.从考古资料的研究和考察中发现西藏是多种果肉的原产地,也是天然的果树种质资源库.     

软土地层地铁盾构施工风险可拓评估方法研究

为了综合评价软土地层地铁盾构施工风险,结合软土地层土质特点,选取地质复杂情况、地下水状况、最小覆土厚度、最小曲率半径、掘进长度、与临近周边环境距离和施工管理水平7个风险影响因素作为评价指标,采用简单关联函数法计算得到各评价指标的权重,避免了主观因素的干扰,运用可拓学理论建立了风险可拓评估模型,并将该模型应用于宁波轨道交通工程2号线栎社机场站-栎社新村站盾构区间的风险评估,得到该区间盾构施工风险等级为中度风险,评估结果较好地反映了工程的实际情况。