安徽野生动物资源及其开发利用与保护

安徽省自然条件优越,野生动物资源丰富,但在资源的开发利用上存在不少问题。只有在科学研究的基础上,把资源的开发利用与保护有机地结合起来,才能实现野生动物资源的永续利用。     

我国野生蔬菜的开发利用

本文阐述了我国野生蔬菜的特点、利用现状及其存在的问题,提出了进一步开发利用野生蔬菜的建议．     

纳板河流域自然保护区拉祜族村寨对土地和野生植物资源的利用

报道了西双版纳纳板河流域自然保护区3个拉祜族村寨对土地和野生植物资源的利用现状,认为转变单纯采集为栽培种植价值大的野生植物是发展的根本出路。     

盐城湿地与生态旅游

湿地与湿地生态旅游日益受到重视。盐城湿地是西太平洋亚洲大陆边缘最大的海岸型湿地 ,它具有科学价值 ,生态环境价值和审美价值。盐城湿地是祥和的众生园 ,丹顶鹤的天堂 ,麋麂的故乡 ,应作为盐城旅游的主打产品。本文对湿地生态旅游规划基本问题作了阐述。对规划的理念、主题形象 ,分区与隔离带 ,游客中心 ,游息区内“露天生态馆”风格 ,发展生态产业以及举办湿地生态旅游节 ,湿地丹顶鹤麋鹿文化节等提出建议和策划     

喀喇昆仑山-昆仑山地区兽类资源的现状与保护

本区资源兽类 21种,包括中国Ⅰ级保护动物 5种,Ⅱ级 7种。本区最西段的资源动物以中亚类型为主;自此往东,青藏高原特有种的成分渐增;西昆仑山东段北翼的大型特有兽类的种群数量明显少于南翼。据大型有蹄动物栖息地的面积及其不同分布区域的种群密度,估算本区藏野驴的储量有3.57×10⁴多只,野牦牛3.5×10⁴ 只和藏羚9.04×10⁴ 只左右。据7月末至8月下旬的观察,藏野驴群体为2—60只（单独个体除外,下同）,平均每群9.4只,以2—9只居首位;野牦牛每群2—200多只,平均64只,2—10只及上百只的群体均较常见;藏羚种群大小为2—1000只左右,平均每群38只,以2—5只的群体占优势。某些物种的性比及母幼群中幼羊与母羊的比率等,本文已作记述。在合理保护与利用资源方面所存在的问题,以及今后应采取的保护对策,笔者作了扼要的讨论。     

凉山野生菌类资源的开发与利用

在调查统计的基础上,论述了凉山野生食用菌资源的分布状况,及其在改善膳食结构和发展当地经济的重要作用.为了有效保护和持续利用凉山野生菌类资源,分析了当前该地区野生菌类资源的开发利用状况,并结合当地实际,提出了相应的合理化建议.     

野外环境监测的安全问题与预防措施

环境监测人员在野外环境监测过程中,存在许多不安全隐患或安全问题,这些安全隐患往往会引发各类事故的发生,如交通事故、自然灾害事故、中毒事故、山林失火事故等,不仅对监测人员自身生命构成威胁,而且对国家和社会造成重大损失。本文就野外环境监测过程中遇到的安全问题进行了分析,并提出了相应的预防措施。     

高真空击密法在京唐港首钢码头地基处理中的应用

高真空击密法是指通过真空排水-击密多遍循环,从而对淤泥粉质黏土进行地基处理的一种方法。通过工程实例,介绍了高真空击密法在京唐港首钢码头有限公司矿石、原辅料及成品泊位地基处理工程中的具体应用,并通过高真空击密法检测试验确定了地基处理施工参数,经处理后的地基增加了土体的密实度,表层形成了固结硬壳层,完成了大部分工前沉降,且地基承载力超过150kPa,能满足工程建设的要求。表明该地基处理方法在本工程中的应用是成功的,对类似工程具有重要的借鉴和推广意义。     

Natural purification effects in the river in consideration with domestic wastewater pollutant discharge reduction effects

The first social experiment program in Japan to reduce domestic wastewater pollutant discharge by “soft interventions” in households has been conducted in the Yamato-gawa River drainage area since 2005. The Yamato-gawa River has been listed as one of the worst water quality rivers in Japan because of the larger annual average BOD. “Hard interventions” including deployment of wastewater treatment facilities and artificial installation of natural purification facilities in the river has been conducted in these years to improve river water quality. At the first Yamato-gawa River social experiment program (YR-SEP) in March 2005, BOD at the monitoring point near the river mouth decreased about 6% during the Program. Natural purification e ect along the river was evaluated in this article with one-dimensional water quality model for the six river sections. Larger biological oxygen consumption rate, kb, was estimated in the sections with artificially installed natural purification facilities. The e ect of “soft interventions” in households in the YR-SEP was estimated as 25% BOD decrease in the nearest monitoring point to the river mouth, when all the households participate in the Program and BOD discharge reduction rate with “soft interventions” in households was 40%.     

Precise sex ratios manifested by several encyrtid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) of brown soft scale, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coccus hesperidum</Emphasis> L. (Hemiptera: Coccidae)

We examined whether several facultatively gregarious encyrtid (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) endoparasitoids of brown soft scale, Coccus hesperidum L., manifest precise sex allocation under field conditions. Metaphycus luteolus (Timberlake), Metaphycus angustifrons (Compere), Metaphycus stanleyi (Compere), and Microterys nietneri (Motshulsky) evince brood sex ratios that are female-biased and extremely precise (low variance in the number of sons per host). Typically, this sex allocation pattern is attributed to extreme local mate competition (LMC) in which only one foundress exploits a patch of hosts and mating occurs mostly between her offspring. However, such a pattern of sex allocation was not detected for Metaphycus helvolus (Compere). Also, a large proportion of the broods in all five species contained only daughters; thus, an excess of male-only broods was expected if unmated females (i.e., females that can produce only sons) contribute offspring before mating. All-male broods were rare in our samples. This finding coupled with the life history characteristics of these wasps, such as the exploitation of aggregated hosts and the long life span and mobility of males, suggest that nonlocal mating is frequent. Our empirical work suggests that it is advantageous to allocate precise sex ratios in cases in which mating opportunities for males are not restricted to their natal host and/or when multiple foundresses exploit large patches of hosts. Limited theoretical work also supports this prediction but more detailed studies of this taxon’s mating structure and other life history characteristics are necessary to understand their sex allocation decisions.