Distribution and Use of Income from Bushmeat in a Rural Village,Central Gabon

Abstract: Bushmeat hunting is an activity integral to rural forest communities that provides a high proportion of household incomes and protein requirements. An improved understanding of the relationship between bushmeat hunting and household wealth is vital to assess the potential effects of future policy interventions to regulate an increasingly unsustainable bushmeat trade. We investigated the relationship between hunting offtake and household wealth, gender differences in spending patterns, and the use of hunting incomes in two rural forest communities, Central Gabon, from 2003 to 2005. Households in which members hunted (hunting households) were significantly wealthier than households in which no one hunted (nonhunting households), but within hunting households offtakes were not correlated with household wealth. This suggests there are access barriers to becoming a hunter and that hunting offtakes may not be the main driver of wealth accumulation. Over half of the money spent by men in the village shop was on alcohol and cigarettes, and the amount and proportion of income spent on these items increased substantially with increases in individual hunting offtake. By contrast, the majority of purchases made by women were of food, but their food purchases decreased actually and proportionally with increased household hunting offtake. This suggests that the availability of bushmeat as a food source decreases spending on food, whereas hunting income may be spent in part on items that do not contribute significantly to household food security. Conservation interventions that aim to reduce the commercial bushmeat trade need to account for likely shifts in individual spending that may ensue and the secondary effects on household economies.     

Kibale Forest Wild Coffee: Challenges to Market‐Based Conservation in Africa

Abstract: Declining rural security and pressures to reduce public‐sector expenditures in the late 1990s spurred efforts to develop alternative funding models for Uganda's Kibale National Park (KNP). The Wild Coffee Project, established in 1999 with support from the U.S. Agency for International Development, the World Bank, and the Ford Foundation, sought to develop a market for wild coffee that had been harvested traditionally from areas within today's KNP. The Kibale Forest Foundation, a U.S.‐based nonprofit organization, was created to legalize harvests, obtain third‐party wild and organic certification, and coordinate management between KNP, the coffee industry, and local communities. Although the project was successful in legalizing, harvesting, and processing the world's first certified wild and organic coffee, efforts to gain entry into the international marketplace failed. Chief among the lessons learned from this project is that for many wild‐grown products, the value of “the story”—in both human and conservation terms—is likely to far exceed actual product values. This value differential should be captured through high‐value niche markets to avoid low commodity pricing and subsequent pressures to improve financial returns through over harvesting. In addition, local producers should hold significant assets in whatever brands are developed, creating a shared‐equity approach that serves social responsibility goals, fosters project sustainability, and ensures a steady stream of positive stories for use in marketing to build brand value. Shared equity—in this case ownership interest in the intellectual property embodied in the brand—provides a second incentive beyond transactional profits that can only be realized if resource conservation is maintained.     

论环境合同的“软法”属性及其证成

对于环境合同的属性的认识主要存在绅士协议说与契约说两种观点,但从软法的视角对环境合同性质进行界定则鲜有论述。作为人类社会行为规范的一种表现形式,软法在世界各国早已存在,只是在国内法语境层面上探讨的相对较少。环境合同的软法属性的证成正是基于环境合同的性质与软法构成要件之间的契合以及环境法软法渊源形态具有的动态、开放、与时俱进的特性。     

Intertidal macrofaunal communities in an intensely polluted estuary

The Bilbao estuary (northern Spain) has suffered a serious environmental deterioration due to industrial and domestic discharges during decades. A total of 21 sampling stations were selected in order to: (1) study the intertidal fauna distribution on both hard and soft bottoms; (2) link this information with the prevalence of certain environmental variables at the sampling sites; and (3) define distinct biological zones with all the information gathered. Up to 50 taxa were identified mainly in the outer estuary with an abrupt decrease upstream. In general, fauna on hard substrates was more diverse, while soft bottom communities exhibited a more consistent structure. Sporadic hypoxic events were recorded in the water column of all the sites studied, which affects the distribution of species. Three major biotic zones are proposed in the estuary. This provides a reliable biomonitoring tool for assessing the effectiveness of a sewerage and remediation scheme ongoing on the river and evaluating the future use of each area in the urban development of the city of Bilbao and conurbation.     

下山桩过渡栽培技术的研究

为了保证下山桩能够成活、提高其成活率并形成树桩的骨架,从素材选择、采掘、过渡栽培3方面研究了新掘树桩的过渡栽培技术。     

Between national soft regulations and strong economic incentives: local climate and energy strategies in Sweden

This paper contributes to the current discussion on whether ‘soft’ regulation actually influences policy outcomes by examining the effects of national policy instruments on municipal climate and energy planning. Sweden has experienced shifts in the incentive context over the last decades complementing soft planning regulations with stringent conditions for getting national economic support to local energy and climate action. We hypothesize that when soft regulations are surrounded by detailed conditions for getting state support, there will be higher degrees of local institutionalization of climate and energy strategies. The importance of economic support as part of national policy is confirmed by evidence from local energy and climate strategies and from interviews with local decision-makers. We also find that specific municipal features such as earlier municipal engagement in national support programs and relevant inter-municipal networks function as drivers for the institutionalization of local action.     

日本地震实时监测系统中液化识别方法可行性研究

日本地震超高密度实时监测系统(SUPREME)建设中的核心技术之一是依据强震记录对液化场地进行反演识别,系统中目前使用的是Suzuki法,但实际应用效果并不理想。选取不同地震下多种类别场地上的实际地震记录,对Suzuki法的适用性进行了研究,讨论了其不同指标对不同类别场地识别结果的影响。分析表明:Suzuki法对不同类别非液化场地的识别能力不同,最显著的缺陷是易将软土场地与液化场地混淆;方法所使用的4个识别指标中,过零周期为控制参数,其它指标仅起到初判作用;方法出现误判的原因是液化场地的过零周期范围与非液化中软土场地上的过零周期范围存在明显交叉,而这一点理论上是无法避免的客观存在;改进的方法是应放弃现有进行绝对值对比的做法,改用地震动某些参数的相对变化作为新的识别指标。     

《野生动物保护法》修改的热点问题与建议

目前我国正在修改《野生动物保护法》,其中一些热点问题引发社会讨论。建议在立法目的方面,可规定保护栖息地、规范野生动物资源利用和维护生物多样性。在保护对象方面,采用重点保护与一般保护相结合,改变"三有"的归类标准,扩大栖息地的保护范围。在驯养繁殖方面,明确"科学驯养繁殖"的方针,制定名录规范人工繁育和综合利用,保护动物福利,实行科学野化放归。在社会治理方面,明确信息公开和公众参与原则,拓宽公众参与渠道,建立基金,赋予社会组织提起公益诉讼的权利,发挥产业协会的自律作用。在法律责任方面,进一步明确消费者和监管者的责任,增加违法行为的种类,加大处罚力度,重点监管网络市场,建立野生动物致害补偿基金。     

典型野生食用菌重金属含量及其人体健康风险评价

土壤重金属污染是影响生态环境、食品安全和人体健康的重要因素.云南省土壤重金属背景值较高,且矿产资源丰富、采矿活动频繁,导致土壤重金属含量较高.野生食用菌是高效重金属储积器,云南是中国野生食用菌最大产区.因此,本文以云南省8种典型野生食用菌为研究对象,探究其重金属含量(汞、镉、铅、锌、铜、砷)与分配特征,采用单因子污染指...     

松软煤层钻进高温闭锁及预警装置研究与应用

针对高瓦斯松软煤层钻孔施工存在孔内瓦斯燃烧的安全隐患问题,提出钻进高温闭锁及压力预警系统,开展钻头与闭锁装置之间的温度传导规律实验、储液密封仓液体介质实验,并进行现场工业性试验。研究结果表明:钻头与储液密封仓之间的温度传输平均差值约为251.52 ℃;储液密封仓选取水为充填介质时,能够保障钻头温度在380~424 ℃范围时蒸汽活塞发生动作;通过现场工业性试验,高温闭锁装置可实现钻头高温下的风水通路闭锁,及时切断氧气来源,避免钻进过程中瓦斯燃烧事故;压力预警装置可将钻进风水通路闭锁转化为声音信号,根据预警时长对钻进过程中的高温、渣堵钻头、瓦斯大等现象进行识别,并及时调整钻进速度及压力,从而降低钻进过程中事故发生的概率。