基于WebGIS的浙江近海水环境质量评价系统的研制

以浙江近海为例,采用ArcIMS作为电子地图网络发布平台,集成ASP和Report Service技术,同时采用遥感水质反演的方法获取水环境信息,建立了基于WebGIS的近海水环境质量评价系统.本文讨论了系统的设计思路、数据组织和开发流程,初步实现了水质和水产品质量信息的统计分析、评价咨询、网络发布等功能.     

我国4种重要海水经济鱼类热忍受研究

为了探明我国重要海水经济鱼类的热忍受能力,分别采用急性升温和缓慢升温两种方法对大黄鱼Pseudosciaena crocea、鲈鱼Lateolabrax joponicus、真鲷Pagrosomus major、黑鲷Sparus macrocephalus进行了室内热效应模拟实验.研究结果表明:在夏季自然起始水温为28.5℃条件下,大黄鱼,鲈鱼和黑鲷的急性升温半致死温度(LT50)分别为34.2,33.9和36.4℃;大黄鱼,鲈鱼,真鲷和黑鲷的临界热最大值(critical thermal maxima,CTmax)分别为35.0,34.7,32.7和36.8℃.     

海洋四水团混合的定量化分析和方法比较及其在东海西南海区的应用

通过构造理想的四水团混合模型,对传统温-盐二指标图解和三指标钜阵求解分析水团混合的方法进行比较,认为三指标估算结果更接近真实值.但温、盐数据因为易得且准确性好,所以传统方法仍具有一定的实用价值.在东海西南海区的应用中,检验了天然放射性226Ra核素作为第三个指标的可行性,并对实际水团混合情况进行了评估.证实黑潮次表层水在夏季顺陆坡边缘爬升后沿底部向岸运移,并在近岸涌升,是东海陆架区营养盐外源补充的一个重要动力.     

交通荷载作用下饱和软粘土孔压-应变分析模型

针对交通荷载的作用特点设计了循环三轴试验,进而对交通荷载作用下饱和软粘土的动力特件进行厂研究.结果表明:循环荷载作用下,饱和软粘土存在临界循环应力比,采用孔压曲线所得到的临界循环应力比要小于采用应变曲线所得到的临界循环应力比.当土样不存在初始剪应力时,随着循环次数的增加,土样的应力-应变关系曲线近似原点对称,但随着初始剪应力的增大,应力-应变关系曲线逐渐表现为一系列平行曲线,峰值孔压与循环孔压幅值均逐渐减少;同时,轴应变的发展加快,但循环应变幅值逐渐减小.当循环应力比小于临界循环应力比时,对于同一初始剪应力,不同循环应力比下的孔压比-动应变曲线近似集中在同一条曲线上.通过对试验数据进行回归分析,得到了交通荷载作用下饱和软粘土残余孔压-累积塑性应变关系模型.     

饱和砂土不排水单调剪切特性试验研究——考虑剪切过程中变化的总主应力方向的影响

利用土工静力-动力液压三轴-扭转多功能剪切仪,针对相对密度Dr=30%的福建标准砂,进行了不排水条件下的单调剪切试验。在剪切过程中,控制平均固结应力和中主应力系数保持不变,而总主应力方向不固定。与剪切过程中总主应力方向固定不变条件下的单调剪切试验进行了对比分析。试验研究表明,当饱和砂土试样具有水平沉积面时,初始固结主应力方向与剪切方向的不同组合,导致单调剪切过程中总的主应力方向的不断变化,从而显著地影响着饱和砂土不排水单调剪切特性。总的主应力方向是影响饱和砂土不排水单调剪切特性的最根本原因。     

基于震后低压变化的供水管网功能可靠度分析

供水管网的抗震功能是指供水管网在地震作用下能够满足震后城市特定用水需要(需水量和水压)的能力。地震发生后,供水管网一般处于低压供水状态,使得管网中部分用户的水压和水量不能得到全部满足,导致管网部分节点的实际配水量小于需水量。为此,在传统的管网水力分析基础上考虑节点流量随节点水压的动态变化,通过求解非线性水力方程组,得到管网节点实际流量和水压;同时,借鉴结构可靠度分析方法,引入供水管网系统随机水力模型,给出了震后供水管网功能可靠度分析的一次二阶矩方法。以一实际管网为例,演示了震后低压供水时管网功能可靠度分析的应用方法。     

Transformations of particles, metal elements and natural organic matter in different water treatment processes

Characterizing natural organic matter （NOM）, particles and elements in different water treatment processes can give a useful information to optimize water treatment operations. In this article, transformations of particles, metal elements and NOM in a pilot-scale water treatment plant were investigated by laser light granularity system, particle counter, glass-fiber membrane filtration, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, ultra filtration and resin absorbents fractionation. The results showed that particles, NOM and trihalomethane formation precursors were removed synergistically by sequential treatment of different processes. Preozonation markedly changed the polarity and molecular weight of NOM, and it could be conducive to the following coagulation process through destabilizing particles and colloids; mid-ozonation enhanced the subsequent granular activated carbon （GAC） filtration process by decreasing molecular weight of organic matters. Coagulation-flotation and GAC were more efficient in removing fixed suspended solids and larger particles; while sand-filtration was more efficient in removing volatile suspended solids and smaller particles. Flotation performed better than sedimentation in terms of particle and NOM removal. The type of coagulant could greatly affect the performance of coagulation-flotation. Pre-hydrolyzed composite coagulant （HPAC） was superior to FeCl3 concerning the removals of hydrophobic dissolved organic carbon and volatile suspended solids. The leakages of flocs from sand-filtration and microorganisms from GAC should be mitigated to ensure the reliability of the whole treatment system.     

Biological control experiment of excess propagation of Cyclops for drinking water security

Cyclops of zooplankton propagated excessively in eutrophic water body and could not be effectively inactivated by the conventional disinfections process like chlorination due to its stronger resistance to oxidation. In this study, an ecological project was put forward for the excess propagation control of Cyclops by stocking the filter-feeding fishes such as silver carp and bighead carp under the condition of no extraneous nutrient feeding. The results of experiments with different stocking biomass showed that the propagation of Cyclops could be controlled effectively, and the water quality was improved simultaneously by impacting on nutriment level and plankton community structure at proper stocking density of 30 g/m^3 of water. The growth of Cyclops may not be effectually controlled with lower biomass of fish （10 g）, and the natural food chain relation may be destroyed for Cyclops dying out in water while the intense stocking of 120 g per cubic meter of water. In addition, the high predator pressure may accelerate supplemental rate of nutrients from bottom sediments to water body to add the content of total nitrogen and phosphorus in water.     

Leaching of styrene and other aromatic compounds in drinking water from PS bottles

Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene （PS） bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as ＂purge and trap＂ and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer （GC/MS）. Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.     

Distribution characteristics of dissolved organic carbon in annular wetland soil-water solutions through soil profiles in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

Overwhelming evidence reveals that concentrations of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） have increased in streams which brings negative environmental impacts. DOC in stream flow is mainly originated from soil-water solutions of watershed. Wetlands prove to be the most sensitive areas as an important DOC reserve between terrestrial and fluvial biogeosystems. This reported study was focused on the distribution characteristics and the controlling factors of DOC in soil-water solutions of annular wetland, i.e., a dishing wetland and a forest wetland together, in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. The results indicate that DOC concentrations in soilwater solutions decreased and then increased with increasing soil depth in the annular wetland. In the upper soil layers of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm, DOC concentrations in soil-water solutions linearly increased from edge to center of the annular wetland （R^2 = 0.3122 and R^2 = 0.443）. The distribution variations were intimately linked to DOC production and utilization and DOC transport processes in annular wetland soil-water solutions. The concentrations of total organic carbon （TOC）, total carbon （TC） and Fe（II）, DOC mobility and continuous vertical and lateral flow affectext the distribution variations of DOC in soil-water solutions. The correlation coefficients between DOC concentrations and TOC, TC and Fe（II） were 0.974, 0.813 and 0.753 respectively. These distribution characteristics suggested a systematic response of the distribution variations of DOC in annular wetland soil-water solutions to the geometry of closed depressions on a scale of small catchments. However, the DOC in soil pore water of the annular wetland may be the potential source of DOC to stream flow on watershed scale. These observations also implied the fragmentation of wetland landscape could bring the spatial-temporal variations of DOC distribution and exports, which would bring negative environmental impacts in watersheds of the Sanjiang Plain.