Effects of ground-level ozone (O3) pollution on the yields of rice and winter wheat in the Yangtze River Delta

Effects of elevated O3 on the yields of rice and winter wheat were studied by using open-top chambers(OTCs).Results showed that compared to the control treatment,200 ppb,100ppb,50ppb treatments caused a 80.4%,58.6%and 10.5% decrease in grain yields per winter wheat plant and a 49.1%,26.1% and 8.2% decrease in grain yield per rice plant,respectively.According to the dose-response relation educed from OTCs experiment and the monitor data of O3 concentrations in spots,it was estimated that the yield losses of rice and winter wheat resulted by O3 pollution in the Yangtze River Delta region in 1999 were 0.599 million ton and 0.669 million ton,economic losses were 0.539 billion RMB Yuan and 0.936 billion RMB Yuan,respectively.     

冬季净化湖水的效果与机理

为了做到全年改善饮用水水质,需要研究在冬季怎样有效净化水质的问题为此,在太湖重富营养化水域进行了人工生态系统工程改进试验．结果表明,采用若干措施后,能大大地改善水质;滞留时间<2d时,工程内净化效果不明显;滞留时间延至7d左右时,水质指标能改善50％－80％;工程内水质净化的机理为高等水生植物及其共生细菌的共同作用,使人工生态系统工程成为抵抗环境变化的稳定生态系统,使水质变化处于良性循环;而滞留时间<2d或在人工生态系统工程外,水质变化处于恶性循环     

北京市核心区冬春季大气离子沉降量特征及来源解析

近年来生态环境部和北京市不断加严降尘量控制指标,为了掌握降尘量中离子沉降量特征及其来源,采用过滤法和离子色谱法分别测定北京市核心区冬春季降尘量及离子沉降量,采用PMF模型开展离子沉降量来源解析.结果表明：(1)离子沉降量及其在降尘量中占比平均值分别为0.87 t·(km²·30 d)^-1和14.2%,工作日降尘量和离子沉降量分别是休息日的1.3倍和0.7倍.(2)离子沉降量与降水量、相对湿度、温度和平均风速的线性方程可决系数分别为0.54、 0.16、 0.15和0.02,离子沉降量与PM_2.5浓度和降尘量的线性方程可决系数分别为0.26和0.17,控制PM_2.5浓度对控制离子沉降量非常重要.(3)离子沉降量中阴、阳离子分别占61.6%和38.4%,SO^2-₄、 NO^-₃和NH⁺₄合计占60.6%;阴阳离子电荷沉降量比值为0.70,降尘呈碱性;离子沉降量中ρ(NO     

规划环境影响识别与层次划分探讨——以某城市快速轨道交通线网规划环评为例

规划环境影响评价识别与层次划分是规划环境影响分析评价的基础。建设项目环境影响识别的方法原则上可用于规划环境影响识别,但需按照规划所处的层位和规划决策需求,对环境影响进行层次划分。文章以快速轨道交通线网规划环境影响评价为例,说明在运用传统环境影响识别方法的基础上,结合规划方案的决策因子,筛选线网规划阶段应关注的主要环境问题,进行环境影响层次划分的过程。实例研究表明,在规划环境影响评价中,将规划的决策因子(例如规模、布局、结构等)与所识别的主要环境议题联系起来,对规划环境影响进行划分(界定)的方法是一有效途径。     

冬季南京城区气溶胶化学组分和吸湿性观测

大气气溶胶的吸湿特性改变了颗粒物的粒径、光学性质、云凝结核活性,进而对大气能见度、地面辐射强迫和人体健康产生重要影响.针对长三角腹地城市南京重污染天气频发现象,笔者使用吸湿串联电迁移差分分析仪(H-TDMA)结合在线气体组分及气溶胶监测系统(MARGA)和相关气象数据对冬季南京城区气溶胶吸湿增长特性进行外场观测研究.结...     

Ecological responses to variation in seasonal snow cover

Seasonal snow is among the most important factors governing the ecology of many terrestrial ecosystems, but rising global temperatures are changing snow regimes and driving widespread declines in the depth and duration of snow cover. Loss of the insulating snow layer will fundamentally change the environment. Understanding how individuals, populations, and communities respond to different snow conditions is thus essential for predicting and managing future ecosystem change. We synthesized 365 studies that examined ecological responses to variation in winter snow conditions. This research encompasses a broad range of methods (experimental manipulations, measurement of natural snow gradients, and long-term monitoring), locations (35 countries), study organisms (plants, mammals, arthropods, birds, fish, lichen, and fungi), and response measures. Earlier snowmelt was consistently associated with advanced spring phenology in plants, mammals, and arthropods. Reduced snow depth often increased mortality or physical injury in plants, although there were few clear effects on animals. Neither snow depth nor snowmelt timing had clear or consistent directional effects on body size of animals or biomass of plants. However, because 96% of studies were from the northern hemisphere, the generality of these trends across ecosystems and localities is also unclear. We identified substantial research gaps for several taxonomic groups and response types; research on wintertime responses was notably scarce. Future research should prioritize examination of the mechanisms underlying responses to changing snow conditions and the consequences of those responses for seasonally snow-covered ecosystems.     

下蜀黄土参数化粒度端元分析及其物源示踪

下蜀黄土的物源问题对于理解亚热带东亚季风区干旱化过程至关重要.目前采用的物源示踪方法存在一定的局限性,对下蜀黄土物源的认识也存在争议.粒度端元分析可定量分解出沉积物中不同动力过程和来源的粒度组分,具有解析风尘沉积物源的较好潜力.本文应用参数化粒度端元分析方法,对镇江大港和九江马垱两个下蜀黄土剖面的物源组分进行了研究.结...     

基于云模型和TODIM的应急预案评估方法研究*

为提高应急预案评估的科学性，提出基于云模型和TODIM法的应急预案评估新方法,利用云模型表征语言评估信息，通过得分函数处理云值，提出基于云值的主客观权重计算方法，以弥补单一赋权法求解评估指标权重的不足；基于云模型和TODIM法对候选应急预案进行优劣排序，并验证本文方法的可行性和有效性。研究结果表明:基于云模型和TODIM法的应急预案评估新方法计算出的数值结果合理、准确，研究结果可为相关部门提高应急管理能力提供借鉴。