滇池外海沉水植物生态环境调查与分布特点分析

设立8个调查区对滇池外海湖滨水生植物现状和分布特点进行了调查,结合历史资料对比,分析了环境改变对自然湖滨带水生植物演替变化的影响。     

6种陕北适生豆科植物生长对原油污染土壤的响应

为筛选优良的石油污染土壤修复植物,选取陕北适生的6种豆科乡土植物,对不同浓度原油污染土壤中植物的生长差异进行研究.采用混油法盆栽试验,分设0、5 000、10 000、20 000、40 000 mg·kg-1共5个不同的原油污染浓度,分析其对土壤理化性质的改变,对植物出芽时间、出芽率、株高、植物干重、叶绿素含量和枯萎率的影响.结果表明,原油污染显著改变土壤理化性质.5 000 mg·kg-1低浓度原油污染,对受试植物的发芽率和植物株高有促进作用,后随原油浓度加大植物生长受到明显抑制.原油污染浓度低时草本植物耐受力较强,其中紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)在出芽时间、出芽率、株高及枯萎率等方面综合表现较优.从40 000 mg·kg-1浓度时枯萎率及叶绿素含量分析,刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)表现较高的耐受力.相关分析表明,原油污染浓度与植物出芽时间、出芽率、株高、干重均呈显著负相关,但与叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关.     

鄱阳湖湿地重金属形态分布及植物富集研究

研究了鄱阳湖湿地土壤中Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd形态与植物富集的关系. 结果表明:鄱阳湖土壤中Cu,Pb和Zn主要以有机态和残渣态为主,水溶态和离子交换态等生物有效性态含量很少;而Cd则主要以水溶态和离子交换态等生物有效性态为主,因此Cd的生态危害较大. 相关分析和偏相关分析均显示:植物中重金属含量与其生存环境中重金属水溶态或离子交换态含量直接相关,这与理论上植物只能吸收重金属水溶态相符. 植物对重金属的富集能力表现出Zn＞Cu＞Cd＞Pb的趋势. 用重金属水溶态或离子交换态进行植物富集研究,更具有可比性和科学性.      

金鱼藻对Cu2+的生物吸附特征

研究了沉水植物金鱼藻对Cu2 的吸附动力学及热力学特征.结果表明,金鱼藻对Cu2 的吸附在20min内达到平衡,吸附动力学的实验结果符合伪二级动力学方程,其相关系数达到0.9937,表明该吸附为多种反应同时作用的复杂过程.用Langmuir和Freundlich2种吸附等温式拟合吸附热力学的实验结果表明,以Langmuir模型拟合效果更好,相关系数为0.9977,其最大吸附量为7.79mg/g.在解吸实验中,各浓度组的解吸率均在1%以下,表明金鱼藻对Cu2 的吸持作用较强.     

泽泻(Alisma orientale)对全氟化合物的吸收和传输特征-浓度的影响

为探究泽泻(Alisma orientale)对不同浓度全氟化合物(PFASs)的吸收、积累和传输特征,进行了为期3周的水培实验,全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸的暴露浓度分别为0、5、10、50、100、200、500和1 000μg·L~(-1).结果表明:随着PFASs浓度的增加,根系电导率、根茎中Cu含量、茎叶中Ca含量均降低,但泽泻生长状况良好;植物对PFASs的去除量不断增加(0. 87～116. 50μg),去除率却不断降低(20. 1%～2. 9%).根、茎和叶中PFASs的浓度随着PFASs浓度的增加呈线性增加,且符合Langmuir吸附等温式和Michaelis-menten方程,表明泽泻通过被动扩散的方式吸收PFASs.计算PFOA和PFOS的根、茎和蒸腾流富集系数(RCF、SCF、TSCF),并用限制分配模型对RCF和SCF值进行拟合,发现RCF、SCF、TSCF和限制分配模型准平衡分配系数αpt均随着PFASs浓度的增加而降低,这是由于随着PFASs浓度的增加,达到平衡所需要的水分量增加,达到平衡的时间也变长.     

不同区域气候条件影响下的纳帕海湿地植物叶绿素荧光特性

采用原位移地技术,研究了不同区域气候条件影响下,纳帕海4种常见湿地植物的株高、茎粗、生物量等生长特性,以及叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量、叶绿素a/b值、光化学量子效率（Fv/Fm）、电子传递速率（ETR）、实际光化学量子效率（Phips2）、光化学猝灭系数（qP）、非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）等生理生化指标,分析探讨了湿地植物对不同区域气候条件的响应差异和适应策略。研究发现气候条件的改变对湿地植物的生长、叶绿素含量及荧光参数产生重要影响。随着温度的上升,水葱Scirpus tabernaemontani和茭草两种广布种Zizania caduciflora均表现出良好的适应性,生物量、叶绿素含量、Fv/Fm、ETR、Phips2、qP值不同程度升高,生长状况良好。刘氏荸荠Heleocharis liouana也表现出较好的适应性,当气温上升到一定程度后,虽然Fv/Fm、ETR、Phips2、qP值降低,但其通过调节叶绿素含量、热耗散来减轻伤害,气候变化对其生长的影响较小。而北温带分布型的黑三棱Rhizoma scirpi yagarae对气候变化的适应性较差,当温度上升到一定程度后, Fv/Fm、ETR、Phips2、qP、NPQ都出现大幅下降,生长停滞,生物量下降,对温度上升极为敏感。可以推测,随着全球变暖,像黑三棱这样的物种,其生存将面临极大的威胁,而高原湿地生态功也将能受到损害。     

基于生物质能的芒属（Miscanthus）植物碳动态和收支研究进展

生物质能（Biomass energy）是最为广泛的可再生能源,其中多年生芒属C4植物（Miscanthus）由于具有巨大碳固定能力而成为潜力巨大的生物质能植物。中国是芒属植物芒草起源中心,但相对于欧洲国家应对能源危机和温室效应而采取的芒草研究与应用来说,仍处于起步阶段。我国长期以来传统的草地利用模式,决定了在南方草地的研究显著少于北方,近年来芒草在华南地区的运用研究集中于生态修复,对草本植物群落基于生态系统水平的 CO2气体交换能力的研究仍然相当缺乏,在二氧化碳浓度持续增长及全球变暖背景下,生物质能植物及其碳汇功能的相关研究尤显重要。我国南方近6700万hm2退化丘陵草坡急待恢复或处于恢复中,草坡地芒属植物符合生物质能植物标准,施肥少,害虫少,农药输入少,能够有效地利用光、水等自然资源。考虑到C4植物具有比C3植物更强的光合作用能力,高光能利用率C4芒属植物的碳固定能力及能源潜力值得重视,但缺乏科学的碳动态和碳收支评估。综述了国内外芒草生物量特征与生物质能潜力研究现状,重点论述芒属植物生态系统水平的碳动态和收支能力研究,探讨了系统水平更客观评估芒属碳源汇（Carbon sequestration）功能的方法,基于生物量过程的研究结果及华南地区草坡研究历史和现状,为草坡地生物质能的合理开发利用提出了相关对策,强调在我国南方开发和利用芒属植物资源具有重要能源价值和经济、环境效益。     

Using plants for health: Indigenous knowledge in health care in a tribal region of Bihar,India

While the potential of indigenous knowledge for health care is fully recognised in the literature and by many health professionals, the practices of so many indigenous peoples go unrecorded and untested. Indigenous knowledge remains essentially untapped, an unwritten resource involving information, language and skills in many groups, languages, cultures and environments. An attempt is made in this paper to identify selected indigenous health technologies in a tribal area of Bihar State, India; to describe the treatments, their application and preparation; and to link the traditional practice with the relevant scientific information to test or determine the validity of the practices. These practices were found to be effective in the treatment of a variety of health problems, and most were also scientifically confirmed. The paper argues, however, that other plant uses practised by tribal people still need to be explored: in order to popularise more widely the authenticated practices; to preserve indigenous knowledge; to integrate or blend it with scientific knowledge so that health professionals and healthcare users may benefit from a wider range of healthcare strategies which are environmentally unthreatening.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in medicinal plants from Syria

The levels of 16 US Environmental Protection Agency polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (EPA PAHs) in 10 medicinal plants in different used parts of plant (leaves and flowers) have been determined. The analytical method consists of sample preparation by ultrasonic extraction with dichloromethane followed by silica gel clean-up. Subsequently, the analysis was carried out by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to both ultraviolet and fluorescence detections in series to insure the detection of all 16 EPA PAHs. It was observed that the sum of the 16 PAHs (ΣPAHs) in the investigated medicinal plants ranged from 47 to 890 μg kg^–1 where the highest ΣPAHs was found in Sage plant sample. Light PAHs were dominants in all studied medicinal plants. The sum of eight genotoxic PAHs (ΣPAH8) have shown a better indicator of the degree of contamination with carcinogenic PAHs compared to benzo[a]pyrene in these products.     

Screening for plants and rhizospheral fungi with bioremediation potency of petroleum-polluted soils in a Tehran oil refinery area

The contamination of soils by toxic and/or hazardous organic pollutants, especially with crude oil, is a widespread problem. This study was conducted in a petroleum-contaminated area in a Tehran oil refinery to find petroleum-resistant plants and their rhizospheral fungal strains with bioremediation potency. The plants growing in the oil-polluted area were collected and determined taxonomically. Root samples of the plant species were collected from a polluted area and fungal strains determined by laboratory methods and taxonomical keys. The growth ability of the isolated fungal strains was studied in media containing 1%–15% crude oil. Results showed that seven plant species were of the highest density in the contaminated area: Alhagi persarum, Hordeum marinum, Peganum harmala, Phragmites australis, Prosopis farcta, Salsola kali, and Senecio glaucus. The root-associated fungi were isolated and showed that the fungal variation in the oil-polluted area is higher than that in a non-polluted area. The growth assay of isolated fungal strains showed that all studied fungal strains were able to form colonies at the applied concentrations but Alternaria sp. and Rhizopus sp. were the most resistant ones. Some plants were resistant to oil pollution, which also had positive effects on the fungal strains.