混合培养对城市污水厂二级出水培养能源微藻的生长促进作用

利用城市污水培养能源微藻可以实现水质净化和生物质生产的耦合,备受关注。生物质生产效率较低是限制其大规模应用的主要因素之一,混合培养是提高微藻生物质产率的一种潜在方法。为筛选出城市二级出水条件下合适的能源微藻混合藻种,考察了二级出水条件下3株高含油脂藻种栅藻LX1（Scenedesmussp. LX1）、椭圆小球藻YJ1（Chlorella ellipsoidea YJ1）和雨生红球藻（Haematococcus pluvislis）单一藻种和两两混合培养时的生长特性,比较了各微藻单一藻种及两两混合培养时的生长特性参数及生物质产量。研究结果表明,3种微藻的两两混合组合均能在二级出水条件下正常生长,各微藻干物质量浓度在第10天左右均能达到100 mg·L^-1左右。与栅藻LX1和椭圆小球藻YJ1相比,雨生红球藻在两两混合培养条件下表现出更高的藻细胞干物质量浓度增长趋势。3种微藻的内禀生长速率均显著高于各自的单一培养,栅藻 LX1和雨生红球藻混合培养时分别达到最高内禀增长速率（分别为1.36 d^-1、0.97 d^-1）。栅藻LX1与雨生红球藻混合培养时比生长速率分别为0.59 d^-1和0.42 d^-1,分别比栅藻LX1和雨生红球藻的单一藻种培养提高了36%、9.0%。与单一藻种相比,混合培养促进了微藻的生物质产量,栅藻LX1和雨生红球藻混合藻种的生物质产量（277 mg·L^-1）分别比栅藻LX1、雨生红球藻的单一藻种培养提高了64%和42%。栅藻LX1与雨生红球藻藻种组合具备作为二级出水条件下能源微藻培养合适混合藻种的潜力。     

Kinetic studies on phosphorus sorption by selected soil amendments for septic tank effluent renovation

A systematic kinetic study of phosphorus (P) sorption by various materials in the soil infiltration system of septic tanks was undertaken by following the time course of P sorption by sorbents in contact with various P solutions over periods up to 360 days. Uptake of P seemed to consist of two distinct stages. Initial uptake was very rapid and this phase was completed in 4 days or less. A slower removal stage followed for some materials over many months. Phosphorus sorption during the fast reaction stage appeared to be associated with the soluble Ca content of the materials. The fast reaction of calcareous materials accounted for the bulk (>70%) of the total P removed. Merribrook loamy sand exhibited the highest proportion of P sorption during the slow phase. It should be noted, however, that for solution P concentrations in the range found in typical effluents (∼ ∼20 mg L⁻¹) the fast reaction phase seemed to be responsible for virtually all P removed. None of the six kinetic formulae examined possessed the sophistication and detail needed to portray accurately the time course of P sorption for all the sorbents investigated. The Elovich equation and the kinetic modification of the Freundlich isotherm expression appeared to provide a reasonable fit of the experimental data.     

催化臭氧氧化对生化尾水中典型有机物的去除特性

系统深入地分析了Fe-Ce/AC催化臭氧氧化对化工园区污水厂生化尾水中典型有机物的去除特性。与单独臭氧氧化相比,催化臭氧氧化可将TOC去除率从7.89%大幅提升至17.54%。120 min时UV_(254)和特征紫外吸光度(SUVA)的去除率分别高达66.80%和59.73%,证明了催化臭氧氧化可有效去除含共轭结构或芳环结构的不饱和有机物。催化臭氧氧化对生化尾水中腐殖酸类(HA)、溶解性微生物产物类(SMP)和疏水性腐殖酸类(HOA)3种荧光组分的去除过程均符合一级动力学模型,且由一级动力学速率常数可知,与生化尾水色度直接相关的HA和HOA被优先去除。40 min时HA、SMP和HOA的去除率即高达95.24%、93.21%和92.96%。     

Water Quality Assessment and Modeling of an Effluent-Dominated Stream, the Notwane River, Botswana

In an effort to assess current and future water quality of the only perennial river in southeastern Botswana, this study presents water quality monitoring and modeling results for the effluent-dependent Notwane River. The water quality along the Notwane River, pre- and post-implementation of secondary wastewater treatment, was compared and results demonstrated that water quality improved after the new wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) went online. However, stream standards for chemical oxygen demand, total dissolved phosphorous, and fecal coliform were exceeded in most locations and the critical dissolved oxygen (DO) reached concentrations of less than 4 mg L⁻¹. High dissolved P concentrations and intense macrophyte growth at the impounding ponds and at sites within 30 km of the effluent waste stream confluence suggest that eutrophication was a function of P release from the ponds. Results of DO modeling demonstrated that an unpolluted inflow at approximately 10 km downstream of the confluence was responsible for raising DO concentrations by 2.3 mg L⁻¹, while SOD was responsible for a decline in DO concentrations of 1.4 mg L⁻¹ at 6 km downstream of the confluence. Simulations also showed higher DO concentrations during winter months, when water temperatures were lower. Simulations, in which the distributed biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) loading from cattle excrement was decreased, produced nominal increases in DO concentrations. An increase in WWTP BOD loadings to projected 2020 values resulted in a 1.3 mg L⁻¹ decrease in the critical DO concentration. Furthermore, a decrease in treatment plant efficiency, from 94% to 70% BOD removal, produced critical DO concentrations and anoxia along much of the modeled reach. This has significant implications for Gaborone, especially if decreased WWTP efficiency occurs as a result of the expected future increase in pollutant loadings.     

造纸白泥和粉煤灰的添加对污泥消化液中氮磷回收的影响

污泥厌氧消化液中含有丰富的氮磷,若直接排放到环境中,将会对附近水体造成严重污染。由于消化液中Mg^2＋和Ca^2＋的含量很低,严重影响了氮磷的回收效果。把造纸白泥和粉煤灰引入到污泥厌氧消化液氮磷的回收当中,可以明显地提升消化液pH和提高PO4^3-P和NH3-N回收率。实验结果表明：当造纸白泥添加量为4g／（L·h）时,曝气12h后,pH可达10．19,此时PO4^3-P和NH3-N回收率分别达到64％和45％;而当粉煤灰添加量为4g／（L·h）时,曝气12h后,pH达到9．63,PO4^3-P和NH3-N回收率分别为46％和41％。但仅用曝气方式处理,12h后,pH值仅为8．52,PO4^3-P和NH3-N回收率分别只有20％和18％。实验结果还表明,水力停留时间（HRT）越大,pH上升速度越快,幅度越大,氮磷的回收效果就越好。     

印染废水生化出水中各类有机物在Fenton 氧化过程中的去除效果

考察了Fenton氧化法处理印染废水生化出水时,不同因素对色度去除效果的影响。在最佳处理条件下,即[H2O2]∶[Fe2＋]为6∶1,反应初始pH为4.0,H2O2和FeSO4的投加量分别为3.6 mmol/L和0.6 mmol/L,反应时间为30min,UV254、DOC和COD的去除率分别达到了84%、52%和84%,ADMI7.6和稀释倍数表征的色度去除率分别达到了94%和96%。通过XAD-8/XAD-4吸附树脂联用技术将印染废水生化出水中溶解性有机物分为疏水酸、非酸疏水物质、弱疏水物质及亲水物质4类有机物。实验结果表明,对于该印染废水的生化出水,疏水性物质是引起色度的主要物质,所占比例以ADMI7.6表征时为92%,其中以非酸疏水物质的贡献最大,达到53%。Fenton试剂氧化处理对此水样中的非酸疏水物质和疏水酸均有较好的去除效果,对弱疏水性有机物和亲水性有机物去除率较低。     

蚯蚓生态滤池对农村生活污水的深度净化效果

本实验利用多级蚯蚓生态滤池对农村生活污水进行处理研究,分别考察了不同季节蚯蚓生态滤池对COD、TN、NH4+-N和TP的去除效果,同时利用PCR-DGGE技术对不同季节的微生物群落进行初步分析。结果表明,夏季COD、TN、NH4+-N和TP的平均去除率分别达到86.05%、89.02%、98.48%和99.1%;出水浓度17.86、4.96、0.605和0.047 mg/L。冬季COD、TN、NH4+-N和TP的平均去除率分别达到83.29%、93.26%、96.96%和92.7%;出水浓度22.68、2.63、1.02和0.37 mg/L。不同季节出水水质均达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A类标准。蚯蚓生态滤池内的微生物多样性冬季的要比夏季的丰富,且冬季滤池内微生物种类从上至下逐渐增加,符合污染物去除效率的变化。     

不同氮磷浓度下2种无毒微藻的生长特性和脱氮除磷效能

根据城市二级出水水质特性,选择4 种不同氮磷水平的二级出水作为培养基,研究纯培养与共培养下,椭圆小球藻(Chlorella ellipsoidea)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)在不同初始氮磷浓度下的生长状况及脱氮除磷的能力。结果表明,纯培养条件下,椭圆小球藻在2#(TN=15.00 mg/L,TP=1.00 mg/L)实验组中生物量最高,斜生栅藻在4#(TN=10.00 mg/L,TP=0.20 mg/L)实验组中收获最大生物量,椭圆小球藻与斜生栅藻对TP均具有70%以上去除率。共培养下,3#(TN=15.00 mg/L,TP=0.50 mg/L)实验组收获最高生物量,斜生栅藻生物量均高于椭圆小球藻,表明斜生栅藻在共培养条件下更具有生长优势,培养基中TN、TP含量分别降至5.00 mg/L和0.05 mg/L以下。2种培养模式均可达到对二级出水的深度脱氮除磷。     

Selective removal of heavy metals from metal-bearing wastewater in a cascade line reactor

Goal, Scope and Background This paper is a part of the research work on ‘Integrated treatment of industrial wastes towards prevention of regional water resources contamination — INTREAT’ the project. It addresses the environmental pollution problems associated with solid and liquid waste/effluents produced by sulfide ore mining and metallurgical activities in the Copper Mining and Smelting Complex Bor (RTB-BOR), Serbia. However, since the minimum solubility for the different metals usually found in the polluted water occurs at different pH values and the hydroxide precipitates are amphoteric in nature, selective removal of mixed metals could be achieved as the multiple stage precipitation. For this reason, acid mine water had to be treated in multiple stages in a continuous precipitation system-cascade line reactor. Materials and Methods All experiments were performed using synthetic metal-bearing effluent with chemical a composition similar to the effluent from open pit, Copper Mining and Smelting Complex Bor (RTB-BOR). That effluent is characterized by low pH (1.78) due to the content of sulfuric acid and heavy metals, such as Cu, Fe, Ni, Mn, Zn with concentrations of 76.680, 26.130, 0.113, 11.490, 1.020 mg/dm³, respectively. The cascade line reactor is equipped with the following components: for feeding of effluents, for injection of the precipitation agent, for pH measurements and control, and for removal of the process gases. The precipitation agent was 1M NaOH. In each of the three reactors, a changing of pH and temperature was observed. In order to verify efficiency of heavy metals removal, chemical analyses of samples taken at different pH was done using AES-ICP. Results Consumption of NaOH in reactors was 370 cm³, 40 cm³ and 80 cm³, respectively. Total time of the experiment was 4 h including feeding of the first reactor. The time necessary to achieve the defined pH value was 25 min for the first reactor and 13 min for both second and third reactors. Taking into account the complete process in the cascade line reactor, the difference between maximum and minimum temperature was as low as 6°C. The quantity of solid residue in reactors respectively was 0.62 g, 2.05 g and 3.91 g. In the case of copper, minimum achieved concentration was 0.62 mg/dm³ at pH = 10.4. At pH = 4.50 content of iron has rapidly decreased to < 0.1 mg/dm³ and maintained constant at all higher pH values. That means that precipitation has already ended at pH=4.5 and maximum efficiency of iron removal was 99.53%. The concentration of manganese was minimum at pH value of 11.0. Minimum obtained concentration of Zn was 2.18 mg/dm³ at a pH value of 11. If pH value is higher than 11, Zn can be re-dissolved. The maximum efficiency of Ni removal reached 76.30% at a pH value of 10.4. Discussion Obtained results show that efficiency of copper, iron and manganese removal is very satisfactory (higher than 90%). The obtained efficiency of Zn and Ni removal is lower (72.30% and 76.31%, respectively). The treated effluent met discharge water standard according to The Council Directive 76/464/EEC on pollution caused by certain dangerous substances into the aquatic environment of the Community. Maximum changing of temperature during the whole process was 6°C. Conclusion This technology, which was based on inducing chemical precipitation of heavy metals is viable for selective removal of heavy metals from metal-bearing effluents in three reactor systems in a cascade line. Recommendations and Perspectives The worldwide increasing concern for the environment and guidelines regarding effluent discharge make their treatment necessary for safe discharge in water receivers. In the case where the effluents contain valuable metals, there is also an additional economic interest to recover these metals and to recycle them as secondary raw materials in different production routes. ESS-Submission Editor: PhD Hailong Wang, hailong.wang@ensisjv.com     

Alginate immobilized enrichment culture for atrazine degradation in soil and water system

An atrazine degrading enrichment culture, a consortium of bacteria of genus Bacillus along with Pseudomonas and Burkholderia, was immobilized in sodium alginate and was used to study atrazine degradation in mineral salts medium (MSM), soil and wastewater effluent. Sodium alginate immobilized consortium, when stored at room temperature (24 ± 5°C), was effective in degrading atrazine in MSM up to 90 days of storage. The survival of bacteria in alginate beads, based on colony formation unit (CFU) counts, suggested survival up to 90 days and population counts decreased to 1/5^th on 120 days. Comparison of atrazine degrading ability of the freely suspended enrichment culture and immobilized culture suggested that the immobilized culture took longer time for complete degradation of atrazine as a lag phase of 2 days was observed in the MSM inoculated with alginate immobilized culture. The free cells resulted in complete degradation of atrazine within 6 days, while immobilized cells took 10 days for 100% atrazine degradation. Further, immobilized cultures were able to degrade atrazine in soil and wastewater effluent. Alginate beads were stable and effective in degrading atrazine till 3rd transfer and disintegrated thereafter. The study suggested that immobilized enrichment culture, due to its better storage and application, can be used to degrade atrazine in soil water system.