升流式厌氧污泥床工艺处理酵母废液的研究

本文根据酵母废液的水质特点，采用了常温升流式厌氧污泥床处理工艺，即温度在２６．８－２８．０℃，进水ＣＯＤ为７１２９－９８２３ｍｇ·ｌ＾－１时，达到ＣＤＯ去除率６６．０－７１．０％，同时，沼气产率为２．４－３．０Ｌ·ｌ＾－１·ｄ＾－１，沼气中烷含量为６１．５－６９．１％。该法耗能小，沼气可回收，经济效果明显。     

A Biomimetic Approach to the Detection and Identification of Estrogen Receptor Agonists in Surface Waters Using Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) and Bioassay-Directed Chemical Analysis (12 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background Some anthropogenic pollutants posses the capacity to disrupt endogenous control of developmental and reproductive processes in aquatic biota by activating estrogen receptors. Many anthropogenic estrogen receptor agonists (ERAs) are hydrophobic and will therefore readily partition into the abiotic organic carbon phases present in natural waters. This partitioning process effectively reduces the proportion of ERAs readily available for bioconcentration by aquatic biota. Results from some studies have suggested that for many aquatic species, bioconcentration of the freely-dissolved fraction may be the principal route of uptake for hydrophobic pollutants with logarithm n-octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow) values less than approximately 6.0, which includes the majority of known anthropogenic ERAs. The detection and identification of freely-dissolved readily bioconcentratable ERAs is therefore an important aspect of exposure and risk assessment. However, most studies use conventional techniques to sample total ERA concentrations and in doing so frequently fail to account for bioconcentration of the freely-dissolved fraction. The aim of the current study was to couple the biomimetic sampling properties of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) to a bioassay-directed chemical analysis (BDCA) scheme for the detection and identification of readily bioconcentratable ERAs in surface waters. Methods SPMDs were constructed and deployed at a number of sites in Germany and the UK. Following the dialytic recovery of target compounds and size exclusion chromatographic clean-up, SPMD samples were fractionated using a reverse-phase HPLC method calibrated to provide an estimation of target analyte log Kow. A portion of each HPLC fraction was then subjected to the yeast estrogen screen (YES) to determine estrogenic potential. Results were plotted in the form of 'estrograms' which displayed profiles of estrogenic potential as a function of HPLC retention time (i.e. hydrophobicity) for each of the samples. Where significant activity was elicited in the YES, the remaining portion of the respective active fraction was subjected to GC-MS analysis in an attempt to identify the ERAs present. Results and Discussion Estrograms from each of the field samples showed that readily bioconcentratable ERAs were present at each of the sampling sites. Estimated log Kow values for the various active fractions ranged from 1.92 to 8.63. For some samples, estrogenic potential was associated with a relatively narrow range of log Kow values whilst in others estrogenic potential was more widely distributed across the respective estrograms. ERAs identified in active fractions included some benzophenones, various nonylphenol isomers, benzyl butyl phthalate, dehydroabietic acid, sitosterol, 3-(4-methylbenzylidine)camphor (4-MBC) and 6-acetyl-1,1,2,4,4,7-hexamethyltetralin (AHTN). Other tentatively identified compounds which may have contributed to the observed YES activity included various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their alkylated derivatives, methylated benzylphenols, various alkylphenols and dialkylphenols. However, potential ERAs present in some active fractions remain unidentified. Conclusions and Outlook Our results show that SPMD-YES-based BDCA can be used to detect and identify readily bioconcentratable ERAs in surface waters. As such, this biomimetic approach can be employed as an alternative to conventional methodologies to provide investigators with a more environmentally relevant insight into the distribution and identity of ERAs in surface waters. The use of alternative bioassays also has the potential to expand SPMD-based BDCA to include a wide range of toxicological endpoints. Improvements to the analytical methodology used to identify ERAs or other target compounds in active fractions in the current study could greatly enhance the applicability of the methodology to risk assessment and monitoring programmes.     

3种环境雌激素检测和筛选方法的比较

介绍了进行环境雌激素检测和筛选的3种方法:鱼类卵黄蛋白原诱导实验法、重组基因酵母检测法和酵母双杂交法,着重介绍了这3种方法的基本原理、具体操作、适用条件及应用现状.卵黄蛋白原诱导实验是根据正常雄性体内不会含有卵黄蛋白原,环境雌激素能刺激卵生动物肝细胞产生卵黄蛋白原,可通过测定动物体内合成的卵黄蛋白原含量来评价其活性.重组基因酵母法是根据环境雌激素能刺激转化酵母的报告基因表达,以表达的β-半乳糖苷酶的量为依据来判断雌激素活性的大小.酵母双杂交法是在重组基因酵母法的基础上,引入了辅激活蛋白,通过检测雌激素受体和辅激活蛋白之间的相互作用来评价环境雌激素的活性.这3种方法均具有灵敏、简便、快速、经济的优点,同时既可以定性检测又可以定量检测,是目前进行环境中雌激素类物质安全检测与监测的重要手段.     

取代芳烃对酵母菌毒性的定量结构－活性相关研究

定量测定了苯胺类、苯甲酸类、卤代苯类、苯腈类、硝基苯类、苯酚类等６类化合物对酵母菌的生长抑制毒性，结果表明化合物的最小产生清晰抑菌圈浓度Ｃ＿（ｍｉｚ）与辛醇－水分配系数及一阶分子连接性价指数有如下关系：ｌｏｇ（１／Ｃ＿（ｍｉｚ））＝０．３８ｌｏｇＫ＿（ｏｗ）＋０．３３￣１Ｘ￣ｖ－０．３８ｒ＝０．９２ｓ＝０．２２ｎ＝７７．在上述６类取代苯类化合物中，它们与酵母菌的反应性大小有如下顺序：卤代苯类≈苯甲酸类＜苯胺类＜苯腈类＜苯酚类＜硝基苯类化合物；用Ｆｒｅｅ－Ｗｉｌｓｏｎ法研究各基团对酵母菌毒性的贡献大小，其顺序为：—Ｂｒ（０．８４）＞—Ｃｌ（０．５４）＞—ＣＨ＿３（０．３９）＞—ＮＯ＿２（０．３５）＞—ＣＯＯＨ（０．１９）≈—ＯＨ（０．１７）≈—ＣＨＯ（０．１７）≈—ＣＮ（０．１４）＞—Ｆ（—０．０３）＞—ＮＨ＿２（—０．０８）．苯胺类、苯腈类、苯酚类、硝基苯类化合物对酵母菌的毒性与化合物的分子连接性指数３Ｘｖ、４Ｘ、３Ｘ有良好的相关性．     

紫露草微核监测法在海洋酵母菌解毒重金属离子中的应用

在人工配制的污染海水(含Cr~(3+)、Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+))各150ppm或自然海区污染的海水中,加入一定量的海洋酵母菌(1.5×10~7个/500ml海水),经过一定时间处理后,表明酵母菌有解毒和净化污染海水的作用。用紫露草微核方法和化学方法进行对比监测表明,污染海水紫露草微核率降低,离子含量减少。该实验为用微生物方法净化海水提供了依据。     

用酵母菌处理油田钻井废水的研究

从冀东油田钻井现场采集的受钻井废水污染的土壤样品中筛选到2株酵母菌种（Wickerhamiella domercqii和Candida boidinii）。将这2种酵母菌混合后在pH4.0的条件下处理钻井废水,TOC去除率为40．5％,略高于驯化后的活性污泥在中性条件下的处理效果（35．2％）。分子量的切割实验结果表明,在分子量为60000以上的有机质中,也有部分有机质具有生物可降解性。     

混合外源菌强化剩余污泥微氧水解产酸

利用外源投加酵母菌与醋酸菌的方式促进了剩余污泥水解产生短链挥发性脂肪酸（SCFAs）的产量,考察了混合投加模式下污泥水解溶出的正磷酸盐、氨氮和溶解性COD的浓度,研究水解过程胞外聚合物（EPS）组分中蛋白质及多糖的变化特征.结果表明,在酵母菌和醋酸菌投加量分别为10和20g/L时,发酵第5d实现了最高的SCFAs产量,达到719mgCOD/gVSS,其中乙酸含量为328.78mgCOD/gVSS,占总SCFAs的45.72%.投加两种菌显著促进了剩余污泥水解产生SCFAs,且以乙酸为主.外源菌投加促进了水解酸化过程氨氮和正磷酸盐的释放,最佳反应条件下最大释放量分别为80.66和22.38mg/gVSS,有利于从剩余污泥中回收氮磷.投加外源菌后EPS中的蛋白质和多糖从内层向最外层释放,为污泥水解产酸提供底物.外源投加酵母菌与醋酸菌是促进剩余污泥水解酸化的有效手段.     

Estrogen-related receptor disruption of source water and drinking water treatment processes extracts

Environmental chemicals in drinking water can impact human health through nuclear receptors. Additionally, estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) are vulnerable to endocrine-disrupting e ects. To date, however, ERR disruption of drinking water potency has not been reported. We used ERR two-hybrid yeast assay to screen ERR disrupting activities in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) located in north China and in source water from a reservoir, focusing on agonistic, antagonistic, and inverse agonistic activity to 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT). Water treatment processes in the DWTP consisted of pre-chlorination, coagulation, coal and sand filtration, activated carbon filtration, and secondary chlorination processes. Samples were extracted by solid phase extraction. Results showed that ERR antagonistic activities were found in all sample extracts, but agonistic and inverse agonistic activity to 4-OHT was not found. When calibrated with the toxic equivalent of 4-OHT, antagonistic e uent e ects ranged from 3.4 to 33.1 g/L. In the treatment processes, secondary chlorination was e ective in removing ERR antagonists, but the coagulation process led to significantly increased ERR antagonistic activity. The drinking water treatment processes removed 73.5% of ERR antagonists. To our knowledge, the occurrence of ERR disruption activities on source and drinking water in vitro had not been reported previously. It is vital, therefore, to increase our understanding of ERR disrupting activities in drinking water.     

NO参与亚砷酸钠诱导酵母细胞死亡的调控

以模式生物酵母细胞为材料,研究亚砷酸钠胁迫对细胞死亡率和胞内NO水平的影响,以探讨NO在砷诱导细胞死亡中的作用.结果显示,浓度为1～7mmol·L-1的亚砷酸钠可降低酵母细胞活性,诱导细胞死亡,随着处理浓度的升高和作用时间的延长,细胞死亡率增高;死细胞出现核固缩和核降解等凋亡特征;凋亡抑制剂Z-Asp-CH2-DCB(2"mol·L-1)与3mmol·L-1亚砷酸钠共同作用后,酵母细胞死亡率下降.在亚砷酸钠胁迫的过程中,酵母细胞内NO水平升高;一定浓度的NO清除剂c-PTIO(0.2mmol·L-1)或NO生成抑制剂NaN3(1mmol·L-1)均可降低亚砷酸钠引起的酵母细胞死亡率.结果表明,砷胁迫诱导的胞内NO升高是酵母细胞死亡的一个诱因,亚砷酸钠诱发的酵母细胞死亡中可能存在细胞凋亡过程.