空气CO2体积分数升高对稻麦根系活力及其VA菌根侵染率的影响

利用无锡市安镇的FACE研究平台，在施常规氮量和低氮量的条件下，研究CO2体积分数升高对稻麦轮作系统水稻和小麦根系活力及其VA菌根侵染率的影响。结果表明，在常氮和低氮条件下，FACE处理对小麦和水稻根系活力都有促进作用，并使小麦VA菌根侵染率在拔节期和孕穗期有增加趋势，小麦根系活力和VA菌根侵染率有正相关关系。施N量不足对作物根系生长和活力有一定影响，可以被CO2体积分数升高的影响所补偿。     

Changes of Soil Microbiological Properties Caused by Land Use Changing From Rice–Wheat Rotation to Vegetable Cultivation

A survey was done recently in Jiaxing city of Zhejiang Province in the Yangtze River Delta to compare the differences of soil microbiological properties among paddy soils with different land use including continuous open-field vegetable cultivation (OFVC), plastic-greenhouse vegetable cultivation (PGVC) and traditional rice–wheat rotation (RWR). The soil types included are percolating, permeable and waterlogged paddy soils. The results indicate that the microbial flora was markedly changed as the land use changed for all the three soil types. In continuous vegetable cultivation soils, especially in PGVC soils, the bacteria amounts decreased dramatically, but the fungal and actinomyce amounts increased as compared with RWR soils. The dehydrogenase activities decreased significantly in vegetable soils, especially in PGVC soils as compared with RWR soils. The microbial biomass C and the total phospholipid contents (TPL) in vegetable cultivation soil greatly decreased as compared with RWR soils. Biolog analysis indicated that the kinds of carbon sources that could be metabolized by native microbes in PGVC soils greatly decreased as compared with OFVC soils and RWR soils, revealing that microbial diversity had decreased since land use change. The activities of some soil enzymes including urease, invertase and phosphase were all lower in OFVC soils than those in RWR soils, and those in PGVC soils were the lowest. The degradation of microbiological activities in continuous vegetable cultivation soils, especially in PGVC soils, as compared with RWR soils might have been caused by soil acidification and accumulation of salts due to overuse of both organic and inorganic fertilizers in vegetable cultivation.     

陕西省干旱灾害的农业风险评估

分析了陕西干旱发生的时空规律,以缺水率划分干旱标准,评价陕西各季农业干旱状况,并对1949～1990年共42a粮食产量序列进行滑动平均模拟,以粮食减产百分率评估全省干旱灾害等级,得出干旱损失评估模式,使陕西干旱灾害的评估由定性到定量,为其它灾害的定量评估提供了经验。     

Effects of fluoride on growth and reproduction of the army worm, Mythimna separata (Walker)

This paper deals with effects of airborne fluorine on the army worm, Mythimna separata (Walker), by rearing the larvae on the wheat foliage exposed to HF or fumigating the larvae on the artificial diet with the pollutant. Larval relative growth rate (GR) and index of population trend of the insect reduced by 5% and 11%, respectively, when the larvae were reared on the foliage taken from the wheat plants exposed to 0.87 g·dm^-2·day^-1 of fluorine compared with those of the control. An extra instar appeared in a majority of the larvae treated. Survival rate and GR of the larvae on the wheat plant being exposure to the same concentration of fluorine in field open-top fumigation device were 40% and 15% lower than that of the control, respectively. Similar experiment with the insect on the artificial diet also showed that direct impact of the pollutant on the army worm was greater than its indirect effect via their host plant.     

污泥施肥时重金属镍对农作物的毒害研究

采用盆栽和小区试验,研究了在石灰性土壤中镍污染对小麦和水稻的影响;两种作物对土壤中镍的吸收、迁移和累积规律。建议农田污泥施肥时镍的控制标准为330PPm。     

施加磷元素后对小麦抗重金属铜毒性的影响

将小麦幼苗放在含有不同浓度磷元素（1 mmol/L和10 mmol/L）和铜元素（0.16μmol/L、100μmol/L和1 mmol/L）的培养液中处理12 h后,观察植物体内铜元素的含量、叶绿素含量、抗坏血酸循环的变化.结果表明,当培养液中施加的铜元素浓度相同时,施加较高浓度的磷（10 mmol/L）能促进植物根部吸收和积累铜,并能促进铜元素从根部向地上部的运输.此外,实验结果还表明,当培养液中都含有较少量的铜（0.16μmol/L）元素时,比较磷浓度对植物体内生理反应的影响时,发现在含有高浓度磷的培养液中培养的小麦体内的受到较少的膜质过氧化损伤,光合色素的含量保持稳定.但是,当培养液中有较高浓度的铜元素（100μmol/L和1 mmol/L）时,施加高浓度的磷反而加剧了植物体内的膜质过氧化损伤和引起光合色素的分解,从而不利于植物正常的生长发育.     

南京大气臭氧浓度的季节变化及其对主要作物影响的评估

近年来,近地面O_3浓度呈不断上升趋势,高浓度O_3会影响作物的生长导致产量降低.本文利用2014~2016年南京市近地面O_3浓度的连续观测数据,分析了O_3浓度的变化特征及其对冬小麦和水稻产量与经济损失的影响.结果表明,2014~2016年南京市O_3年平均浓度分别为62.9、68.6和69.1μg·m-3,O_3浓度和超标日数均呈现逐年增加的趋势.季节平均的O_3浓度大小的顺序为:夏季、春季、秋季和冬季.四季O_3浓度的日变化均为明显的"单峰型",峰值出现在15:00~16:00,谷值出现在07:00~08:00.2014~2016年冬小麦生长季期间AOT40的数值分别为10.5、14.4和9.4μL·L~(-1)·h,水稻生长季期间AOT40的数值分别为8.5、20.0和25.6μL·L~(-1)·h.近地面O_3对冬小麦的影响要高于水稻,其中,2014~2016年O_3造成冬小麦减产范围为21.4%~32.8%,每年的经济损失达15 076.6~27 799.6万元,造成水稻减产范围为8.1%~24.3%,每年的经济损失达19 747.2~68 075.7万元.     

黄河下游开封段引黄灌区小麦中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

为探究引黄灌区小麦对人体健康的影响,以黄河下游引黄灌区开封段为研究区,对其中水稻乡、柳园口乡、西郊乡和北郊乡的小麦进行采样调查,采用内梅罗综合指数法、健康风险评价模型对研究区小麦重金属污染状况及其对成人和儿童的健康风险进行评价.结果表明,研究区小麦籽粒中Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Hg平均含量分别为0.034、0.428、0.279、5.363、29.605、0.305和0.003 mg·kg~(-1).除Pb和Zn外,其他重金属均未超出国家食品卫生标准限制值.研究区小麦籽粒中Pb和Zn的污染指数大于1,Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni和Hg的污染指数均小于1,小麦综合污染指数为1.9851,各乡区小麦的综合污染指数介于1.116~1.847之间.非致癌重金属(Pb、Cu、Zn、Hg)对成人和儿童的健康风险指数分别为1.055 8和0.545 0;致癌重金属(Cd、Cr、Ni)对成人和儿童的健康风险指数均值均高于USEPA推荐的最大可接受风险水平1×10-4,可能存在引发癌症的风险.     

13C脉冲标记法定量冬小麦光合碳分配及其向地下的输入

研究冬小麦生长向地下部分的输入对于土壤固碳和作物生产具有重要意义.分别在分蘖期、拔节期、花期和灌浆期,用~(13)CO2对冬小麦进行脉冲标记7 h,标记结束后28 d(示踪期)破坏性取样,测定冬小麦地上部、根、土壤和土壤呼吸中的~(13)C含量等指标.研究结果表明,在各标记时期,冬小麦光合固定的~(13)C大部分保留在地上部(51.6%~90.8%),且随小麦生长的进行而逐渐向地上部分配,向地下部分(根系、土壤和根际呼吸)的转移随生长进程的延续而降低.转移到地下部的~(13)C中,有22.9%~65.3%被根际呼吸消耗,24.3%~59.3%在根部保存,10.4%~17.8%通过根际沉积转化为土壤有机碳.示踪期28d内最后2 d呼吸产生的~(13)C只占整个示踪期根际呼吸~(13)C量的0.7%~2.7%,说明28 d的示踪期可以确保光合碳在各系统分配完全.在整个生育期内,冬小麦净吸收的光合碳分配到地上部、根部、土壤有机碳和根际呼吸的比例分别为78.5%、6.0%、3.1%和12.4%.结合当地生产方式估算,冬小麦在整个生育期内输入到地下的总碳量为1.72 t·hm~(-2),其中有0.99t·hm~(-2)被根际呼吸消耗,根部固持碳量为0.48 t·hm~(-2),0.25 t·hm~(-2)以有机碳沉积的形式进入土壤.     

微囊藻毒素对不同生育期水稻生长的影响

灌溉水中的微囊藻毒素不仅会影响作物生长与产量,还可能沿食物链传递而威胁人类健康。以水稻为试材,研究了不同质量浓度(1μg/L、100μg/L、1 000μg/L、3 000μg/L)微囊藻毒素(MCs)对幼苗期和孕穗期水稻生长与成熟期水稻产量的影响,以及MCs在3个生育期水稻中的积累。结果表明:处理7 d后,1μg/L MCs处理对幼苗期水稻生长有一定促进作用,而对孕穗期水稻生长没有影响,高质量浓度MCs(≥100μg/L)抑制幼苗期和孕穗期水稻的生长;胁迫结束且恢复7 d后,100μg/L处理组孕穗期水稻根长、根表面积恢复能力强于幼苗期,株高、叶面积低于幼苗期,而1 000μg/L和3 000μg/L MCs组水稻各指标不仅未恢复,且劣于胁迫期,水稻产量下降92.4%和95.2%。用酶联免疫法检测发现,胁迫后MCs均在水稻体内富集。对于相同质量浓度MCs处理,幼苗期水稻各器官富集能力最大,孕穗期次之,成熟期最小。3 000μg/L MCs处理组的水稻谷粒中MCs质量比达21.2μg/kg,使人体每天摄入MCs的量可能高于世界卫生组织规定的人体每天吸收MCs的上限值。