Effect of free-air CO2 enrichment on nematode communities in a Chinese farmland ecosystem

At a rice-wheat rotational free-air CO2 enrichment(FACE) platform, the effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 on soil nematode communities in a farmland ecosystem was studied. Wheat plots were exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2 (ambient 370 μl/L 200 μl/L).32 families and 40 genera of nematode were observed in soil suspensions during the study period. Under FACE treatment, the numbers of total nematodes, bacterivores and fungivores exhibited an increasing trend. Because of the seasonal variation of soil temperature and moisture, the effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 on soil nematodes was only observed under favorable conditions. The response of nematode communities to elevated atmospheric CO2 may indicate the change of soil food web.     

改性麦草秸秆对水中磷酸根吸附效果的研究

为实现农作物秸秆资源化,解决水体富营养化问题,将麦草秸秆化学改性成一种可以有效吸附水体中磷酸根的阳离子型吸附剂.考察了吸附剂投加量、磷酸根溶液初始pH、温度等因素对吸附效果的影响,分析了改性麦草秸秆对磷酸根的吸附动力学过程和吸附机理.结果表明,在吸附剂投加量为4 g·L-1和磷酸根溶液初始pH为4.0～7.5条件下,改性麦草秸秆对磷酸根的吸附效果最好,去除率均高于90%;改性麦草秸秆对磷酸根的吸附符合Freundlich等温模式,饱和吸附容量为2.38 mmol·g-1;吸附过程符合一级反应动力学方程,为快速反应过程;反应活化能为12.6 kJ·mol-1,反应速率对温度的变化不敏感.     

Effects of metal cations on sorption-desorption of p-nitrophenol onto wheat ash

The mutual e ects of metal cations (Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+) and p-nitrophenol (NP) on their adsorption desorption behavior onto wheat ash were studied. Results suggested that Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ diminished the adsorption and increased the desorption of NP remarkably, while Cd2+ had no such e ect. In contrast, NP diminished the adsorption of Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ onto ash, however, this suppression e ect depended on the initial concentrations of metal cations. NP had no e ect on Cd2+ adsorption on ash. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and X-ray absorption spectroscopic (XAS) studies suggested the following mechanisms responsible for the metal suppression e ect on NP adsorption: (1) large hydrated Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ shells occupied the surface of ash and prevent nonspecific adsorption of NP onto ash surface; (2) Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ may block the micropores of ash, resulting in decreased adsorption of NP; (3) complexation of Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ was likely via carboxyl, hydroxylic and phenolic groups of wheat ash and these same groups may also react with NP during adsorption. As a “soft acid”, Cd2+ is less e cient in the complexation of oxygencontaining acid groups than Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+. Thus, Cd2+ had no e ect on the adsorption of NP on wheat ash.     

NOx存在条件下相对湿度对甲苯氧化产物的影响

利用流动管反应器模拟甲苯与氧化剂×OH在NO_x存在条件下的反应,定量测定了不同相对湿度条件下（17.5%、35%、50%、70%）反应生成的部分气相产物和颗粒相产物,计算了不同相中产物产率,测量了不同相对湿度下的颗粒相有机碳（OC）产率,推导了相对湿度对甲苯氧化反应的影响机制.结果表明,相对湿度不仅对甲苯与×OH反应途径比例有影响,还对产物的产率及氧化程度有影响.     

多环芳烃在冬小麦体内的吸收与转运及富集研究进展

多年来以煤炭为主的能源消费结构和经济社会持续发展,导致我国PAHs(多环芳烃)排放量居高不下,直接造成土壤和大气PAHs严重污染.为了探明PAHs在冬小麦体内的积累过程和调控机制,在系统分析PAHs在冬小麦体内的吸收、转运和富集的基础上,重点阐述了冬小麦PAHs根系吸收和叶面吸收影响因素方面的最新研究进展.研究发现:① 小麦根系对PAHs的吸收包括主动吸收和被动吸收两种方式,其中主动吸收是一个载体协助、消耗能量、PAHs与H+共运的过程;被动吸收除了在高等植物中普遍存在的简单扩散外,水-甘油通道也参与了该过程. ② PAHs通过气态、颗粒态沉降到小麦叶面角质层或直接通过气孔进入叶片. ③ 影响PAHs根系和叶面吸收的主要因素包括PAHs理化性质、植物生理状况、环境因素等. ④ 小麦根系吸收的PAHs可以向地上部转运,并且与辛醇-水分配系数(K_OW)、蒸腾速率、土壤中氮的形态和浓度有关.主要问题:① 对于小麦叶片吸收的PAHs向基运输机理有待进一步研究. ② 农田生态系统中冬小麦往往遭受土壤及大气双重污染,根系吸收及叶面吸收分别对其体内积累PAHs的贡献尚不清楚.因此,需关注韧皮部、木质部在PAHs转运中所起的作用;利用同位素示踪、双光子激发显微镜等先进技术观察和跟踪PAHs如何进入小麦以及在小麦叶中的转移和分布,阐明PAHs叶面吸收的微观机理;注重大田试验研究,为揭示冬小麦对PAHs的吸收、积累及调控机理,同时也为有机污染地区生产安全农产品提供重要依据.      

石墨烯薄膜原子氧剥蚀行为及电阻特性

目的研究石墨烯薄膜在原子氧空间环境的适应性,为其在航天器上应用提供参考。方法采用刮涂法制备石墨烯薄膜,将石墨烯薄膜材料及石墨烯电阻传感器置于微波源原子氧设备内开展原子氧试验,原子氧剂量分别为3.0×10^20 atoms/cm2和7.5×10^20 atoms/cm^2,研究薄膜表面形貌、结构、成分及电阻性能的变化。结果采用刮涂法可制备氧含量较低的石墨烯薄膜,原子氧剂量为7.5×10^20 atoms/cm^2情况下,石墨烯薄膜的厚度损失为5.3μm,原子氧反应率为7.14×10^-25 atoms/cm^3。原子氧作用后,石墨烯薄膜中碳原子无序程度增大,C—O、—COOH官能团含量降低,C=O官能团含量增加。石墨烯电阻传感器的R0/R比值随原子氧剂量增加线性降低,0.8μm厚度薄膜可探测最大原子氧剂量为5×10^19 atoms/cm^2,增加薄膜厚度有望提高传感器的使用寿命。结论得到了石墨烯薄膜厚度损失、原子氧反应率、微观结构及电阻特性的变化规律,可为石墨烯薄膜的空间应用提供技术支撑。     

PO4^3-和柠檬酸对稀土元素在小麦体内积累和分异的影响

基于营养液培养,添加外源稀土和ICP-MS分析技术,研究了无机配体PO43-(Pi)及有机配体柠檬酸(Cit)对小麦器官中稀土元素积累和分异的影响.结果表明,不同Pi水平对小麦根中的稀土总含量(∑REE)影响较小,但显著降低叶中∑REE含量;而不同Cit水平对小麦根、叶中∑REE含量都有明显降低作用.对照植物(无Pi、Cit添加)中,稀土元素在小麦根中具有中稀土(MREE)富集及M-型四重效应分布特征,叶中有重稀土(HREE)富集及W-型四重效应分布特征.不同Pi处理对四重效应无明显作用,但进一步加强HREE在小麦叶片中的富集.添加柠檬酸使对照植物根和叶中的分异有逐渐减弱的趋势,在高浓度处理时(Cit≥150μmol.L-1),小麦根和叶中出现轻稀土(LREE)富集.     

水杨酸对镉、锌复合胁迫下小麦幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

在水培条件下,以辽春10号小麦品种为供试材料,研究了10-4mol.L-1、10-5mol.L-1、10-6mol.L-13种不同浓度的水杨酸(SA)对1mmol.L-1Cd2+、5mmol.L-1Zn2+复合胁迫下小麦幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明:与对照组(未加SA处理的Cd2+、Zn2+复合污染)相比,经SA处理Cd2+、Zn2+复合胁迫下小麦幼苗地上及地下生物量都有明显增高,特别是10-4mol.L-1SA处理组分别增加23.78%和24.7%;10-4mol.L-1SA处理组小麦幼苗根系活力提高6.74%。在试验第6 d、11 d根系和叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)分别达到峰值且以10-4mol.L-1SA处理组最高;在整个试验期间3个SA处理组过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性始终高于对照,其中10-4mol.L-1SA处理组为对照组的146.6%;SA处理使丙二醛(MDA)含量降低,在试验第11 d,10-4mol.L-1SA处理组叶片和根系中丙二醛含量分别为对照组的85.5%和87.6%。但是在试验第14 d各组小麦幼苗叶片和根系中丙二醛含量全部有所回升。综合来看,不同浓度的SA处理均能提高小麦幼苗的抗氧化酶活性且高浓度SA(10-4mol.L-1)处理效果最明显。这表明,水杨酸能够通过促进保护酶活性的升高,抑制活性氧含量的增加,从而有效缓解Cd2+、Zn2+复合胁迫对小麦的毒害。     

磺胺甲恶唑对小麦叶片蛋白和叶绿素含量及SOD酶活性的影响

为了探明磺胺甲恶唑(sulfamethoxazole,SMZ)的生态毒理效应,通过实验室人工控制毒理实验,研究了低浓度SMZ暴露对小麦体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、叶绿素(CHL)和蛋白质(SP)含量的影响.结果显示:染毒7d后,各浓度组小麦叶片的SOD活性均被显著诱导(P＜0.0l),并且染毒浓度的升高增强了SOD的活性,表明SMZ暴露胁迫下,小麦可启动自身的保护机制以最大限度地减少自由基损伤.而小麦叶片的CHL含量,随着SMZ染毒浓度的增加而逐渐降低.并且当SMZ暴露浓度较高时,小麦叶片的CHL含量被显著抑制(P＜0.05)).当SMZ染毒浓度为0.05～ 0.50 mg· L-1时,SP的含量被显著诱导(P＜ 0.01));1.00 mg·L-1SMZ对SP的含量产生显著(P＜0.01)抑制,这说明SMZ染毒剂量将对蛋白质的合成产生严重影响.综上,SOD的活性变化可反映出SMZ暴露对小麦的污染效应及其生态毒性作用,但将其作为评估SMZ污染暴露的生物标志物有待于进一步深入研究.     

Geographic shifts in the highland cooking banana (Musa spp., group AAA-EA) production in Uganda

Summary

Between 1970 and 1990 Uganda witnessed the decline of the highland cooking banana from traditional growing areas in the central region, coupled with crop expansion in the country's southwest. Apprehension that the factors leading to loss of sustainability in the central region may be replayed in extant production areas has raised concern about the future of the cooking banana in Uganda. Consequently, a multi-disciplinary study was conducted at nine central and six southwestern sites to document shifts in cooking banana production and to elucidate the causes behind these shifts.

Cooking banana production in central Uganda sites fell from 18% of total food crop and 7% of total cash crop production in the 1970s to 4% and 2%, respectively, in the 1990s. Farmers identified reduced labour availability and management, increasing pest pressure and declining soil nutrient status as the major causes of decline. On-farm verification confirmed farmers' observations: weevil levels were the highest yet found in Uganda, while foliar samples indicated deficiencies in magnesium, nitrogen, and potassium. Soil nutrient deficiencies, however, appear to be a direct outcome ofreduced management rather than ‘soil exhaustion’ as postulated by farmers.

In southwestern Uganda, the importance of the cooking banana as a cash crop has quadrupled since 1970. Banana first penetrated the region because of its ease of production and stability of yield. High yields attracted traders and urban market demand drove further crop expansion. With current market incentives, banana management standards have been high. Under current levels of management, it is unlikely that farmers in southwestern Uganda will experience a similar process of decline as that which occurred in the central region. However, concern remains aboqt lack of replenishment of nutrients leaving the farm in the form of fruits sold for market, a nutrient loss which may eventually lead to non-sustainability of the cropping system.