Spatial and seasonal variations of elemental and ion components in air particulate matters in three mega-cities in China

Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region is one of the most important political, economic and cultural centers of China. The rapid development of economy in last decades has caused severe air pollution problems, which has resulted in considerable harm to local ecological environment and human health. In this study, total 671 air samples were collected from Beijing, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang (the capital city in Hebei province), one reference site and four background sites in four seasons. Particulate matters (PMs) with different sizes, elements and dissolvable ions in PMs were analyzed. Pollutant concentrations, characteristics and seasonal variations were discussed in order to describe the pollution status and the possible sources in this region. Enriched factors of K, Ca, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb were all higher than 10. Concentrations of dissolvable ions were in the order of NO₃^–, SO₄^2–>NH₄⁺>Cl^–>Ca²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺>Mg²⁺, F^–. NO₃^–, SO₄^2–, NH₄⁺, Cl^– were the most important ion pollutants in the three cities which accounted for 90.3–92.3% of total 9 ion concentrations. Ion concentrations in the PMs were in the order of PM₁>PM_1–2.5>PM_2.5–10>PM₁₀>TSP. More than 50% of the dissolvable ions exist in PM1 and the percentage increases to 73.9–94.8% in PM_2.5. Human activities should be the main sources of the metallic pollutants, among which coal combustion was identified as the primary one.     

(Super)paramagnetic nanoparticles as platform materials for environmental applications: From synthesis to demonstration

• The fabrication of monodisperse, (super)paramagnetic nanoparticles is summarized. • Monolayer and bilayer surface coating structures are described. • Mono/bilayer coated nanoparticles showed high sorption capacities for U, As, and Cr. Over the past few decades, engineered, (super)paramagnetic nanoparticles have drawn extensive research attention for a broad range of applications based on their tunable size and shape, surface chemistries, and magnetic properties. This review summaries our recent work on the synthesis, surface modification, and environmental application of (super)paramagnetic nanoparticles. By utilizing high-temperature thermo-decomposition methods, first, we have broadly demonstrated the synthesis of highly monodispersed, (super)paramagnetic nanoparticles, via the pyrolysis of metal carboxylate salts in an organic phase. Highly uniform magnetic nanoparticles with various size, composition, and shape can be precisely tuned by controlled reaction parameters, such as the initial precursors, heating rate, final reaction temperature, reaction time, and the additives. These materials can be further rendered water stable via functionalization with surface mono/bi-layer coating structure using a series of tunable ionic/non-ionic surfactants. Finally, we have demonstrated platform potential of these materials for heavy metal ions sensing, sorption, and separation from the aqueous phase.     

铬离子对SBR工艺活性污泥毒性作用研究

针对重金属铬离子对SBR工艺系统中活性污泥的毒性作用,通过检测不同初始污泥容积指数(SVI)下SBR工艺活性污泥在不同铬负荷下的COD值、挥发性污泥浓度以及受铬离子影响的污泥容积指数(SVI),研究重金属铬离子对活性污泥的毒性作用以及对SBR工艺系统处理污水的影响。研究表明,重金属铬离子会导致SBR工艺系统出水COD升高;将铬离子对活性污泥的毒性作用按照挥发性污泥(MLVSS)铬负荷可划分为耐受范围、非耐受范围、细胞失活范围以及细胞分解范围。耐受范围铬负荷低于约30 mg Cr3+/gMLVSS,此范围内铬离子对于活性污泥的毒性作用不大,不致于导致系统出水水质变差;非耐受范围铬负荷在约30~65 mg Cr3+/g MLVSS,在铬离子作用下系统出水COD值明显高于对照系统;细胞失活范围铬负荷在约70~100 mg Cr3+/gMLVSS范围内,SVI大幅下降,微生物部份死亡和失活,出水COD尽管有一些下降,但与进水COD相比差不了多少;细胞分解范围铬负荷在约100 mg Cr3+/gMLVSS以上,微生物大量死亡,部分死亡细胞分解,系统出水COD值因微生物的死亡分解而超出进水COD值,受铬离子影响的系统SVI值大幅度降低。     

磁载光催化剂ZnO/SiO_2-Fe_3O_4的光催化活性

采用液相沉积法制备出了纳米SiO_2-Fe_3O_4复合粒子,并在其表面负载ZnO,得到了易于磁性固液分离的磁载光催化剂ZnO/SiO_2-Fe_3O_4,并通过傅立叶红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪和透射电子显微镜等对光催化剂进行了表征.以亚甲基蓝为目标降解物,研究了光催化剂在紫外光下的光催化活性.实验结果表明,在Fe_3O_4和ZnO之间包覆一层无定形SiO_2可使亚甲基蓝降解率由20.34%提高到94.52%,所制备的ZnO/SiO_2-Fe_3O_4在3次重复使用后仍能保持较好的光催化性能.     

离子色谱分析法用于化学防护服材料渗透性能检测的研究

渗透性能是化学防护服最重要的防护性能指标之一。本文采用PTC200型渗透测试池、蠕动泵、超滤装置和离子色谱分析仪,构建了测试化学防护服渗透性能的装置,并利用该装置对一系列化学防护服面料对浓硫酸和NaOH溶液的渗透性能进行了检测。结果表明,利用该装置可以方便准确地实现服装面料渗透性能测试,是一种具有重要应用价值的检测方法。该方法的开发为规范我们国家化学防护服装及相关产品防护性能检测方式,提高检测结果的准确度和一致性,具有重要的意义。     

改进型生物质阴离子交换纤维制备及吸附性能

用氢氧化钠水溶液预处理,以乙二胺作交联剂,采用环氧氯丙烷和二甲胺对网状植物丝瓜络纤维进行化学改性,制备出改性丝瓜络阴离子交换纤维(LS-AEF),重点探讨了LS-AEF的形态特征并对其形态特征进行了表征分析,还考察了碱预处理对产品吸附水体中的NO-3的影响。研究结果表明,(1)LS-AEF引入带正电的胺基基团,可以提高对NO-3的吸附性能;(2)乙二胺剂量对产品吸附性能影响比较大,最佳剂量为9 mL,吸附率达到75%;(3)碱性预处理能够显著提高产品的吸附性能,碱处理前后的产品吸附率分别为76%和85%;(4)吸附过程符合伪二级动力学方程。     

锌、铁等离子对氧化锌烟气脱硫工艺中亚硫酸锌氧化的影响

在氧化锌法脱除烟气SO2工艺中,脱硫产物亚硫酸锌的氧化是实现锌、硫资源回收的关键环节。在pH为4～5,25℃等条件下,考察了锌、铁、镉离子对亚硫酸锌氧化过程的影响。结果发现,铁离子对亚硫酸锌氧化过程有较强的催化作用,锌离子有一定的催化作用,而低浓度的镉离子几乎不影响氧化过程。进一步的研究表明,锌、铁离子的独自催化氧化速率对各自的浓度均为0．5级响应,但在混合状态下,锌离子对铁离子的催化过程有抑制作用。     

青海省的主要灾害类型与防灾减灾对策

论述了青海地区常见的主要灾害类型及危害,并提出了防灾减灾的对策。     

Cu 2+ 对分光光度法测定水样中COD的影响

通过测定Cr^3＋、Cr2O7^2-和Cu^2＋吸收曲线及标准水样的COD值,研究了Cu^2＋对分光光度法测定COD的影响。结果表明,可改变吸收波长和量程消除较高质量浓度Cu^2＋对COD测定值产生的明显影响。当水样Cu^2＋质量浓度超过400mg／L时,须将水样稀释后采用低量程法进行测定。     

表面增强拉曼光谱技术检测高氯酸根离子

高氯酸根离子是水质污染物中常见的污染源之一.通过化学还原法制备稳定、分散性好的纳米银溶胶颗粒(粒径为30～40 nm),并以此为基底,探究了利用表面增强拉曼光谱技术迅速准确地检测质量浓度为10-6～10-1 g/L的高氯酸根离子溶液的表面增强拉曼光谱.结果表明,当高氯酸根离子质量浓度为10-5～10-1 g/L时,随着高氯酸根离子浓度的降低,表面增强拉曼光谱强度逐渐减弱.