沿海滩涂垦殖对土壤氮总转化速率的影响分析

滩涂湿地在吸收、转化和滞留氮、磷等营养元素方面具有重要功能。选取江苏东部沿海典型滩涂区,分别对垦殖时间为0、3、6、17、30、60 a的沿海滩涂进行采样,对相应的土壤氮总转化速率指标进行实验测定。结果表明,滩涂垦殖后,表征氮素活化过程的指标,如总矿化率、总硝化率、净矿化率和净硝化率等有所增加,而有利于氮固持的铵态氮同化率指标无显著变化,硝态氮同化率指标变慢;围垦期限超过30 a后,各氮总转化速率指标渐趋稳定。相关性分析表明,净矿化率、总矿化率、铵态氮同化率、净硝化率、总硝化率与围垦年限呈显著正相关(p<0.01),相关性系数分别为0.966、0.929、0.819、0.800、0.798;硝态氮同化率与围垦年限呈显著负相关(p<0.01),相关性系数为-0.685;除铵态氮外,全氮、硝态氮、pH值、有机碳均与各氮总转化速率指标呈显著相关关系(p<0.01)。滩涂垦殖后土壤理化性质指标的改变带来土壤氮总转化速率的变化,一定程度上破坏了土壤氮生态系统平衡。     

The moderating effects of job control and selection,optimization, and compensation strategies on the age–work ability relationship

Work ability describes employees' capability to carry out their work with respect to physical and psychological job demands. This study investigated direct and interactive effects of age, job control, and the use of successful aging strategies called selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC) in predicting work ability. We assessed SOC strategies and job control by using employee self‐reports, and we measured employees' work ability using supervisor ratings. Data collected from 173 health‐care employees showed that job control was positively associated with work ability. Additionally, we found a three‐way interaction effect of age, job control, and use of SOC strategies on work ability. Specifically, the negative relationship between age and work ability was weakest for employees with high job control and high use of SOC strategies. These results suggest that the use of successful aging strategies and enhanced control at work are conducive to maintaining the work ability of aging employees. We discuss theoretical and practical implications regarding the beneficial role of the use of SOC strategies utilized by older employees and enhanced contextual resources at work for aging employees. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cardiovascular Load During Summer Work of Two Age Groups of Van-Rickshaw Pullers in West Bengal,India

Van-rickshaw is a popular mode of transport of people and merchandise in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of age on cardiovascular load of van-rickshaw pullers in the summer season (March-June) in real situations. In 142 participants, divided into 2 age groups (25-40 and 41-55 years), cardiovascular load was assessed on the basis of working and partial recovery heart rate (HR), predicted maximal HR, working maximal HR, average working HR, percentage of reserved HR, sum of recovery heart beats, percentage of recovery, relative and net cardiac cost, etc. Except for percentage of recovery, all parameters differed significantly between the groups and were significantly correlated with age. As this activity is very stressful, it places a heavy demand on the cardiovascular system. Therefore, age is an important factor for sustainability of the work, especially in a hot environment. Some ergonomic interventions are necessary to reduce cardiovascular load.     

The State of Protected Forest Communities in the European Forest–Steppe Zone of Russia and Prospects for Their Reconstruction: A Case Study of Specially Protected Areas of Penza Oblast

The structure of most forest communities in the European forest–steppe, including protected areas, has been disturbed. The adverse consequences of these disturbances include the incomplete age structure of the populations of cenosis-forming species and the irreversibility of successions. The conservation of biodiversity in the structurally disturbed communities is impossible without human intervention, which must be aimed at restoring their age heterogeneity with regard to their specific ecological features.     

The Northern Mole Vole: Is It a Hibernator?

Based on the results of long-term field studies (1980–1997) and published data on the ecology of the northern mole vole (Ellobius talpinusPall.), it is assumed that these animals living in the Southern Urals and the Transural region do hibernate. The factors that cause their hibernation (freezing of the ground, the resultant unavailability of food, and hypoxia), some indirect evidence for hibernation (the cessation of tooth root growth from autumn to spring and a long life span), and characteristic signs of the preparation for hibernation (a decrease in body weight and an increase in liver weight) are considered. A hypothetical scheme of the active and dormant periods is proposed.     

新疆阿尔泰成矿带可可塔勒花岗岩体锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

新疆阿尔泰成矿带花岗岩发育,其中很多花岗岩与成矿作用有着密切的联系,特别是400Ma左右的岩浆活动是阿尔泰地区一次重要的岩浆成矿活动,阿尔泰许多金属矿床与这一时期的岩浆构造作用有关。本次研究的出露于可可塔勒铅锌矿区的黑云母花岗岩体,其锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb年龄为(401.8±1.5)Ma,表明可可塔勒花岗岩是阿尔泰成矿带400Ma左右发生的一次重要岩浆构造作用的产物,该黑云母花岗岩体侵入于矿区下泥盆统康布铁堡组火山岩地层中,岩体与围岩接触带附近的围岩蚀变明显,该黑云母花岗岩的侵入以及其后期的岩浆热液活动可能对区内成矿物质的活化、迁移、富集、成矿具有一定的贡献。     

不同颗粒龄的好氧颗粒污泥性能的研究

在SBR反应器中,分别以絮状活性污泥培养的好氧颗粒污泥和直接接种的已稳定运行1 a的好氧颗粒污泥为对象,对2种颗粒龄不同的颗粒污泥的形态、理化特性、对有机物降解能力以及微生物活性进行了比较研究.结果表明,小颗粒龄好氧颗粒的平均湿密度、污泥的比重和表示物理强度的完整系数(IC)分别为1.066 g.cm-3、1.013 g.cm-3和98.7%,各指标均高于大颗粒龄好氧颗粒的1.026 g.cm-3、1.010 g.cm-3和98.4%,两者的平均粒径分别为1.9 mm和2.2 mm.小颗粒龄好氧颗粒和大颗粒龄好氧颗粒的沉降速度分别为0.005～0.032 m.s-1和0.003～0.028 m.s-1,前者的SVI较低,且两体系中好氧颗粒的沉降速度均随粒径的增大而增大.两者对COD、NH4+-N的去除率都保持在90%以上和85%左右,从出水COD浓度、NH4+-N浓度和周期试验来看,小颗粒龄好氧颗粒对COD、NH4+-N的去除效果更好,两者对TP的去除率分别维持在40%～90%和32%～85%,但两者对TN的去除效果相差不大,去除率都在80%左右.同时,小颗粒龄好氧颗粒的异养菌比耗氧速率(SOURH)、亚硝酸菌比耗氧速率(SOURNH4)、硝酸菌比耗氧速率(SOURNO2)分别为26.4、14.8和11.2 mg.(h.g)-1,均大于大颗粒龄好氧颗粒的25.2、14.4和8.4 mg.(h.g)-1.综上所述,好氧颗粒污泥由于颗粒龄的不同会具有明显不同的理化性质,颗粒龄小的好氧颗粒具有更好的有机物降解能力、更高的微生物活性和更好的稳定性.     

Direct and Indirect Effects of Socioeconomic Factors on Age at First Marriage in Slum Areas,Bangladesh

This article attempts to examine the influence of some selected predictor variables on female age at first marriage in slum areas of Bangladesh. A path and multiple classification analysis (MCA) approach have been adopted. Authors thought that respondent’s educational level and the mass media such as watching television have a significant direct impact on age at marriage, while the types of family and occupational status have an indirect effect on age at marriage.     

不同退耕年限条件下菜子湖湿地土壤理化性质变化

退耕还湖是我国长江中下游地区湿地生态恢复的重要举措.土壤理化性质指标是评价湿地生态恢复状况的重要组成部分.选取菜子湖区不同退耕年限(2、5、8、10和20 a)湿地为研究对象,通过与相邻仍耕作油菜地和原始湿地土壤理化性质的比较,揭示了退耕还湖后湿地土壤生态特征变化规律.结果表明,随着退耕年限的增加,不同土壤理化性质指标变化趋势存在差异;土壤有机质含量逐年增加;土壤全氮和碱解氮含量在退耕5 a时显著升高,而后期变化平缓;土壤全磷和有效磷含量均呈先降低后升高趋势;土壤黏粒含量逐渐增加;土壤容重呈先升高后降低趋势;土壤含水量不断增加;土壤pH值缓慢降低.退耕2 a湿地土壤生态特征仍与油菜地相似,退耕2 a后土壤生态特征开始向原始湿地方向演化.退耕20 a期间湿地表层土壤理化性质变化强烈,而亚表层变化相对平缓.回归分析表明,除土壤pH和氮素含量的回归曲线拟合不显著外,退耕湿地表层土壤黏粒含量、容重、含水量、有机质含量、全磷含量和有效磷含量恢复到原始湿地水平所需时间分别为19、23、31、26、27和22 a,快于亚表层土壤的20、31、51、40、30和23 a.