Estimating the removal of atmospheric particulate pollution by the urban tree canopy in Beijing北大核心CSCD

Urban green space, particularly the tree canopy, plays an important role in potential mitigation against atmospheric particulate pollution and protecting human health. In this study, current and future air particulate matter [including total suspended particulate (TSP), particulate matter 10 (PM10), and particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5)] removal by the urban tree canopy of Beijing was estimated. A modeling approach was used based on the distributed measurement evaluation and a modified version. The urban tree canopy of Beijing, including mostly Platycladus sp., Pinus sp., Quercus sp., Robinia pseudoacacia, and economic forests, currently removes about 8.33 million kg/a air particulates, in which TSP accounted for 4.51 million kg/a, PM10 accounted for 2.74 million kg/a, and PM2.5 accounted for 1.08 million kg/a. The study on the removal of air particulates by different aged tree canopies showed that in coniferous trees, the ability to capture air particulates changed in the order of mature and over-mature > near-mature forest > young forest; in broadleaf forest, the ability changed in the order of near-mature forest > mature and over-mature > young forest. For total particulate matter, the biggest contribution was coarse particulates (60.74%); the contribution rate of fine particulates was different owing to different tree species groups. The results suggested that the ability of different trees to capture particles and age of forests varied widely and that suitable trees should be chosen to enhance pollution mitigation for city greening. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Ecological Integrity Assessment of Lakes Using Fish Communities: An Example from Traunsee Exposed to Intensive Fishing and to Effluents from the Soda Industry

In order to analyse potential influences of soda industryeffluents on the ecological integrity of Traunsee (TS) weinvestigated the fish community of the lake in comparison witha reference lake (Hallstättersee HS) and used a reconstructionfrom the (older) literature concerning the original speciescomposition of Traunsee. Published `Index of Biotic Integrity(IBI)' metrics were considered to be of limited value due tothe relatively low species number in the oligotrophic, Alpinelake. Therefore we included, in addition to speciescomposition, studies on egg distribution, larval fishdensities, life-history parameters (i.e. growth, maturity,fecundity, age and size composition), stress levels and heavymetal content of the dominant whitefish (Coregonuslavaretus), as well as overall fish density and biomass (usinghydroacoustics) to assess the ecological status of the fishcommunity. Two of the original 18 species have disappearedfrom the lake, presumably in connection with the introductionof non-native eel (Anguilla anguilla) and theconstruction of a power plant in the outflow. Silt from grindedlimestone together with highly alkaline pore waters is emittedvia industrial wastewater from Sodaworks and covers part of thelake bottom. We observed that eggs of whitefish were spawnedmainly in the main inflowing river and close to the shore, thusavoiding the silty areas and making the anticipated damage tothe reproductive potential of whitefish neglectable. This wascorroborated by larval surveys done weekly on both lakes fromJanuary to May, which showed halve the density of whitefishlarvae in TS compared to HS. Estimates of potentially spawningfish from hydroacoustic surveys resulted in a ratio of 1(TS) :3 (HS). Analysis of whitefish revealed that they are growingfaster in TS and have higher fecundity leading to somecompensation of lower abundance. High levels of fishing in TSmight have led to this pattern and to depressed yields asindicated by the age composition. Level of oxidative stress andheavy metal content were not discernible from the referencelake. Therefore we concluded that negative impacts on theecological status of the fish community resulted from fisheriesmismanagement and a power plant situated in the outflow of thelake, considered to have damaged spawning places for somespecies, but not from soda industry effluents.     

The Workplace Intergenerational Climate Scale (WICS): A self‐report instrument measuring ageism in the workplace

The Workplace Intergenerational Climate Scale (WICS) is designed to measure employees' attitudes and perceptions about workers of different ages in the workplace. In Study 1, an initial 18‐item measure was developed, reflecting five subscales: Intergenerational Contact, Workplace Intergenerational Retention, Positive Intergenerational Affect, Workplace Generational Inclusiveness, and Lack of Generational Stereotypes. Scores on the five WICS subscales were linked to workplace mentoring, opinions about older workers, and job satisfaction. In Study 2, the WICS items and subscales were further refined, and subscale relationships with similar constructs were explored via structural equation modeling. In Study 3, a more occupationally diverse sample was used to support criterion, incremental, discriminant, and external validity. Evidence supports the use of the WICS as a valid and reliable multidimensional measure of an organization's intergenerational climate. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The influence of confounding factors on the relationship between muscle contraction level and MF and MPF values of EMG signal: a review

The purpose of this article is to gather results of studies on the relationship between median frequency (MF) and mean power frequency (MPF) and the level of muscle contraction, and to use those results to discuss the differences in the trends according to factors related to measurement technique and subject. Twenty-one studies with 63 cases for upper limb muscles and nine studies with 31 cases for lower limb muscles were analysed. Most results showed an increase in parameters with an increased level of muscle contraction, only some studies showed a decrease. The influence on parameters of the level of muscle contraction and factors such as subjects, type of contraction, muscle length and electrodes was analysed for each muscle. It was concluded that when analysing the influence of different factors on MF and MPF, because those factors interact they should be considered together, not separately.     

The challenge of being a young manager: The effects of contingent reward and participative leadership on team‐level turnover depend on leader age

Effective leadership requires a leader claiming as well as team members granting the leadership position. Contingent reward and participative leadership may both facilitate this mutual process. However, these behaviors differ in the degree to which they require a leader to have status and be prototypical. Their effectiveness might thus depend on the status‐related characteristics of the leader. In this respect, we propose that younger leaders, by deviating from the leader prototype in terms of age, lack a natural status cue, which will determine the effectiveness of these two leadership behaviors in shaping turnover. Two pilot studies (N = 113 and 121 individuals) confirm that younger leaders are perceived as less prototypical and to have lower status than older leaders. Examining 83 work teams, we show that leader age differently moderates the effects of contingent reward and participative leadership on time‐lagged team turnover. For younger (compared with older) leaders, contingent reward was effective as illustrated by decreased voluntary turnover and increased involuntary turnover, whereas participative leadership, which was associated with increased voluntary turnover and decreased involuntary turnover, was ineffective. These findings point to the importance of incorporating natural status cues of leaders for understanding the effectiveness of different leadership behaviors. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于脑电数据的管制架次对管制员疲劳影响研究

为量化研究管制区域内飞机架次的时空变化对管制员疲劳的影响,设计相应测试方案进行试验研究。有针对性地选取20名在职管制员分别在大、小夜班的班前和班后进行试验,采集完成不同流量等级下雷达模拟机任务过程中的管制员的脑电(EEG)信号数据,从数据中提取疲劳指标值,运用SPSS20.0软件统计分析指标值,根据管制员的岗龄将其分成2组进行比较,线性拟合班前班后的管制员疲劳指标值。结果表明:岗龄≥10年的管制员疲劳指标值及其波动性明显低于岗龄<10年的管制员;班前管制员疲劳指标值随管制架次的增加中后期呈下降趋势;班后管制员的疲劳指标值随管制架次的增加而增长,随时间呈3次曲线变化。     

安徽省乔木林固碳能力研究

以安徽省第六次森林资源连续清查结果为依据,对安徽省不同类型乔木林固碳能力进行了研究。结果表明,不同林种乔木固碳能力依次为：用材林（薪炭林（特种用途林（防护林;不同发育阶段乔木林固碳能力依次为：幼龄林（中龄林（近成熟林（成熟林（过成熟林;不同优势树种组乔木林固碳能力依次为：针叶林（阔叶林（针阔混交林;不同优势树种乔木林固碳能力依次是：杉木林（马尾松林（杨树林;同时,得出相同龄组但不同优势树种或相同优势树种但不同龄组的乔木林固碳能力也不同,其中杉木的幼龄林固碳能力最大,达到19.75 t/（hm^2.a）。     

新疆中部天山雪岭云杉种群动态初步研究

雪岭云杉PiceaschrenkianaFisch.etMey在中部天山林区内分布于海拔1500m～2700m之间,形成一个垂直分布带。作者采用样方法进行调查,沿海拔梯度每隔100m选取两块样地(20m×20m),在海拔1500～2700m的雪岭云杉林内共选样地26块来调查中部天山雪岭云杉种群的年龄结构、密度和生物量动态。在所选样地内,调查所有雪岭云杉树木(h≥2m)的胸径并按5cm分成不同的径级,每一径级至少选取两棵树,每棵树在不同方向上钻取两个树芯,建立年龄-胸径方程推算样地内所有雪岭云杉树(h≥2m)的年龄;调查样地内所有幼苗(h<50cm)和幼树(50cm≤h<200cm)的高度并根据主干上轮枝数查数一定数目幼苗幼树的年龄,建立年龄-高度方程并推算样地内所有幼苗幼树的年龄。研究结果表明中部天山雪岭云杉种群的胸径、年龄结构和种群密度都呈倒-J型分布,种群生物量呈钟型分布,存活曲线基本介于DeeveyⅡ和DeeveyⅢ型之间。以上研究结果表明中部天山的雪岭云杉种群处于不断更新和稳定发展的时期。     

Male age structure influences females’ mass change during rut in a polygynous ungulate: the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)

The manipulation of the sex ratio and age structure in many managed ungulate populations calls for a better understanding of their potential consequences on females’ condition and behavior during rut. During 1996–2002, we manipulated the male age structure and male percentage (nine treatments during 7 years) within an experimental herd of semidomestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and investigated their influence on both the body mass change and the behavior of females during rut. On average, the females lost body mass (−0.95±SE 0.18 kg) during rut, which we contend to reflect somatic costs. The females’ losses increased as the percentage of male decreased, but this was certainly ascribed to one treatment with high male percentage (27.7%) as compared to the others (ranging from 3.9 to 12.2%). Female losses were highest for treatments including both young and adult males as compared to only adult or only young males, and higher for treatments including only young compared to only adult males. This is supported by (1) the higher female harassment frequency when females are exposed to only young or a mixture of young and adult males as compared to only adults, (2) the higher female harassment frequency by young males as compared to adults in the mixed treatments, and (3) the reduced females’ feeding activity in treatments including both young and adult males. We conclude that the male age structure during rut will influence the females’ behavior and mass change and may have implications for females’ life history and for population dynamics.