不同生态带下盐城滩涂湿地土壤颗粒和矿物结合有机碳特征

通过对比不同生态带下盐城滩涂湿地表层土壤中颗粒有机碳(POC)和矿物结合有机碳(MOC)含量与分布,探讨不同生态带下滩涂植被对土壤环境特别是土壤有机质组分分布及其累积的影响。结果表明:不同生态带的滩涂湿地表层土壤总有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)含量分布规律为:芦苇地互花米草滩盐蒿滩光滩,反映了盐城滩涂湿地土壤由海向陆土壤质地由砂到粉砂,最后为粘土的变化规律;互花米草滩对土壤有机质有着比光滩和盐蒿滩更高的富集能力,芦苇地的颗粒有机碳(POCf+POCo)含量为4.17 g/kg,互花米草滩的POC含量为2.14 g/kg,远高于盐蒿滩(1.92 g/kg)和光滩(0.31 g/kg)。互花米草的引种从有机碳物理分级组分上改变了TOC的分配,有利于提高土壤中游离态颗粒有机物、闭蓄态颗粒有机物的含量以及占土壤有机碳的比例。该研究能够为沿海滩涂湿地碳存储和固碳潜力以及评价和保护湿地生态系统提供一定的科学依据。     

水位变化对湖泊(水库)消落带生态环境影响的研究进展

消落带是水域生态系统与陆地生态系统的交替控制地带,具有生物的多样性、人类活动的频繁性和生态系统的脆弱性等特征。水位变化是影响湖泊特别是湖泊消落带生态系统主导因素,水位变化的频度、大小、持续时间等因素对消落带水-陆交换过程有重要的影响。本文回顾了近年来水位变化影响研究的基本概况,分析了水位变化对消落带物理因子、植物、动物、生物地球化学过程的影响,并讨论了国内外的研究趋势以及存在的问题。     

An integrated approach to mangrove dynamics and management

The main objective of the MADAM project (Mangrove Dynamics and Management) is to generate the scientific basis enabling the sustainable stewardship of the resources of the Caeté mangrove estuary in Northeast Brazil in the sense of integrated coastal (zone) management. To achieve this, it is necessary to acquire in-depth knowledge of natural processes as well as of the relevant institutional, cultural, economic, social and political dynamics. Causal linkages within the ecosystem, as well as between ecosystem, economy and society, are analysed and explained via dynamic and trophic modelling. Scenario construction is intended to forecast the effects of acute or chronic interference on utilized resources, and to answer wider, management-related questions (e.g. restoration of destroyed areas, utilization potential for aquaculture). This paper describes the project strategy as developed and modified in the context of research results from the initial 2-yr project phase. It is argued that a continuous discussion process is essential to assess the validity of the strategies formulated at the beginning of a medium-time project, particularly if the project is of interdisciplinary nature.     

Prioritizing urban marine habitats for conservation

Urban coastal wetlands and adjoining coves and embayments can provide habitat for significant numbers of waterbirds, despite being subject to high levels of stressors from human activities. Yet to date little emphasis has been placed on identifying these areas and prioritizing them for conservation. In this study I outline a three-step process to identify and prioritize local sites for conservation using waterbird abundance and diversity and an index of the risk to a site from marine development, and apply it to a series of urban coastal sites in two North Atlantic estuaries located in the northeast US. By combining waterbird abundance and species richness with the risk from marine development I generated a ranked list of sites with the highest listed sites having high bird diversity and low risk from development. From this list individual sites can be prioritized for conservation, and various protection scenarios can be evaluated and compared. For example, 7 of the top 10 ranked sites in Boston Harbor, combined with sites already protected under local, state, or federal statutes, represented over half of the total bird diversity in the Harbor. Similarly, in Narragansett Bay 6 of the top 10 sites when combined with sites already protected represent 48.8% of the Bay’s bird diversity. Formally protecting these sites, all of which are at relatively low risk from marine development, could result in the conservation of considerable waterbird habitat at low economic cost (i.e., from loss of development potential). Other ranking scenarios (by bird diversity alone, or by risk from marine development) were also evaluated and compared to the combined ranking. Identification of sites with high bird diversity and low risk from development could provide important information for local land acquisition groups and planning boards when considering options for the conservation of urban coastal habitats.     

Spatial analysis of traffic and risks in the coastal zone

Management of the coastal zone for the purposes of conservation and sustainability is a well-described concept in the literature. This paper describes the importance of modelling various forms of maritime traffic as an intrinsic element of this process. Effective use of GIS in this context implies extensive data acquisition and cleaning, vessel path simulation, traffic density maps, and incident (spills or accidents) distribution when applicable. Risks can be determined by evaluating detrimental occurrences relative to exposure levels. Effective visualization and quantitative analyses can then be fruitfully applied to various coastal zone management spheres, such as oceans use planning, emergency response planning, and marine protected area delineation.     

Environmental indicators GIS of the Catalan coast

This paper describes the environmental indicators GIS of the Catalan coast, Spain. The spatial data model is based on vector and raster layers with three main modules: the biodiversity, the general biophysical and the socioeconomic. Presently, the database has a number of pressure and impact indicators that have been used to model the components and structure of the system and are suggested to build ecological resilience. Special interest has been given to the analysis of functional groups of species that are relevant to the dynamics of the coastal system, and preliminary results are presented. This system constitutes a user-oriented analytical and monitoring tool for coastal zone managers and researchers. Although, the system is under development it is expected that resulting spatial indicators of environmental condition can be used to promote more sustainable coastal strategies and actions in the Catalan coast.     

华南地区水库消涨带生态重建的植物筛选

水库消涨带水旱交替、坡度陡、土壤贫瘠,适生植物的选择一直是其生态重建的难题.在对华南地区多类型水体消涨区调查的基础上,通过在多个水库消涨带进行植物栽植试验,根据各水库水位的变化定期观测试验植物对淹水的反应和适应性,测定试验植物半淹水、全淹水与末淹水状态下叶片的光合能力、SOD活性、POD活性、可溶性蛋白质含量、MDA含量、脯氨酸含量等指标,观测试验植物出露期间的耐旱耐瘠性,同时利用松子坑水库蓄水验收的机会对设计常水位以下6 m内的野生陆生植物进行耐淹性调查评价.结果表明,铺地黍(Panicum repens)长期在陆生岸坡上生长良好,在浅淹、半淹至接近全淹时正常生长,在全淹10个月以上退水后仍能成活;榕(Ficus sp.)持续淹水11个月以上(水深0.5～2.89 m波动)仍生长正常;赤桉(Eucalyptus camaldulensis)持续淹水13个月以上(水深0.8～6.71 m波动)仍生长正常;白千层(Melaleucaleucadendron)持续淹水4个月(淹水最深2m)仍长势良好、整齐.铺地黍、榕、赤桉、白干层耐淹耐旱耐瘠,是水库消涨带生境的适生植物.     

渤海湾海岸带生境退化诊断方法

海岸带是世界上生产力和生物多样性最高的生境类型之一. 海岸带生境退化诊断技术研究是保护生态系统和近海生物资源的现实需求,将为海岸带环境管理提供有力的技术支撑. 以渤海湾海岸带为研究区域,基于驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应(DPSIR)框架模型,构建了渤海湾生境退化诊断的指标体系;采用层次分析法确定指标权重系数,对渤海湾海岸带生境退化进行了综合诊断和评价. 结果表明:相对于20世纪80年代,20多年来渤海湾海岸带的水质下降了1个等级,底质和滩涂栖息地下降了2个等级,入海物质对海岸带环境的压力提高了2个等级,海岸带生境的综合评价结果下降了1个等级.      

The effects of littoral zone vegetation on turbulent mixing in lakes

Micro-scale thermal profile data were acquired in four lakes in northwest England and southeast Australia that ranged from a small, sheltered pond with a surface area of about 1 ha to more open lakes with surface areas of several square kilometres. These lakes provided a range of topographic and climatic contexts, basin morphologies and dominant macrophyte species. The data were acquired using two SCAMP profilers, one deployed in the open water and the other mounted on a field traverse deployed within the vegetated littoral zone. From these profile data, turbulence parameters were calculated. The results show the variation in the influence of vegetation on turbulence in the four lakes, which depends on the combination of wind stress, solar radiative forcing and macrophyte mechanical properties. In the sheltered pond, the vegetation alters the light climate within the water, thus reducing stratification and allowing weak, thermally-driven mixing. In the larger lakes, however, the primary action of the vegetation is to prevent surface-generated TKE from penetrating the water column, although this effect becomes less important as the plant separation increases. A simple mechanistic model, calibrated against the field data, suggests that the macrophyte mechanical properties are most important in determining the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) profile. Increasing the number of turbulence-generating plants reduces the transport of surface-generated TKE into the deeper water, consistent with the field observations. The model suggests that solar forcing, as measured by the temperature gradient between the surface and bottom waters, is of less importance since the TKE profile is similar in runs with different gradients. Perhaps most surprisingly, the value of the surface-wind stress used in the model is not important, within the limitations of the model, as it does not change the TKE profile, except in a thin surface layer.     

Management of nutrient emissions of Axios River catchment: Their effect in the coastal zone of Thermaikos Gulf,Greece

The estimation of nutrient fluxes, the determination of spatial and temporal response and the understanding of biogeochemical changes in the past, present and future in the Axios River catchment, in Greece, as well as the impacts to the coastal zone of Thermaikos Gulf were accomplished by the use of harmonized watershed and coastal zone models. The mathematical model MONERIS was the watershed management model that was used to model the export loads of nutrients in Axios River. MONERIS was developed to estimate the nutrient inputs into river basins by point sources and various diffuse pathways. Watershed hydrologic and water quality data were collected and synthesized to develop input data sets for the simulation of Axios River catchment. The model was modified to better assess organic nitrogen export loads in Mediterranean watersheds. The results showed the importance of agricultural and livestock activities, concerning their nutrients emissions in the River. MONERIS was integrated with the coastal zone model WASP 6.0 to assess the impacts of the nutrient loads to the eutrophication status of the coastal zone. Several management scenarios were assessed. Management scenarios included measures for reduction in the emissions from the fertilizer plant of Veles, removal of phosphorous from the detergents in FYROM, treatment of urban wastes to EU Standards, reduction in N-fertilizer input, reduction in erosion and the green scenario that represented the maximum reduction scenario of all the measures together. The model simulations indicated that the coastal zone of Axios mouth will be eutrophic for nitrate (2.69–3.34 μM) and phosphate (0.2–0.68 μM) and upper mesotrophic for chlorophyll-a (0.74–1.45 μg/l) for the scenarios tested. The results suggest that the impact of the management scenarios will be largely negligible (no change in trophic status) for the Thermaikos Gulf sector nearby the Axios River due to additional sources such as the loads from Thessaloniki's waste water treatment plant which appear to affect the region to a greater extent. The integration of watershed and coastal zone models can be used to assess management scenarios in order to illustrate the significance of various land use practices to the eutrophication of the Gulf.