Diffusive partitioning tracer test for the quantification of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) in the vadose zone: Performance evaluation for heterogeneous NAPL distribution

A partitioning tracer test based on gas-phase diffusion in the vadose zone yields estimates of the residual nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) saturation. The present paper investigates this technique further by studying diffusive tracer breakthrough curves in the vadose zone for a heterogeneous NAPL distribution. Tracer experiments were performed in a lysimeter with a horizontal layer of artificial kerosene embedded in unsaturated sand. Tracer disappearance curves at the injection point and tracer breakthrough curves at some distance from the injection point were measured inside and outside of the NAPL layer. A numerical code was used to generate independent model predictions based on the physicochemical sand, NAPL, and tracer properties. The measured and modeled tracer breakthrough curves were in good agreement confirming the validity of important modeling assumptions such as negligible sorption of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) tracers to the uncontaminated sand and their fast reversible partitioning between the soil air and the NAPL phase. Subsequently, the model was used to investigate different configurations of NAPL contamination. The experimental and model results show that the tracer disappearance curves of a single-well diffusive partitioning tracer test (DPTT) are dominated by the near-field presence of NAPL around the tip of the soil gas probe. In contrast, breakthrough curves of inter-well tracer tests reflect the NAPL saturation in between the probes, although there is no unique interpretation of the tracer signals if the NAPL distribution is heterogeneous. Numerical modeling is useful for the planning of a DPTT application. Simulations suggest that several cubic meters of soil can be investigated with a single inter-well partitioning tracer test of 24-hour duration by placing the injection point in the center of the investigated soil volume and probes at up to 1 m distance for the monitoring of gaseous tracers.     

A Stochastic Modeling Approach to Address Hydrogeologic Uncertainties in Modeling Wellhead Protection Boundaries in Karst Aquifers1

Abstract: Development of any numerical ground‐water model is dependent on hydrogeologic data describing the subsurface. These data are obtained from geologic core analyses, stratigraphic analyses, aquifer performance tests, and geophysical studies. But typically in remote areas, these types of data are very sparse and site‐specific in terms of the aerial extent of the resource to be modeled. Uncertainties exist as to how well the available data from a few locations defines a heterogeneous surficial aquifer such as the Biscayne Aquifer in Miami‐Dade County, Florida. This is particularly the case when an exceptionally conductive horizontal flow zone is detected at one site due to specialized testing that was not historically conducted at the other at sites that provided data for the model. Not adequately accounting for the potential effect of the high flow zone in the aquifer within a ground‐water numerical model, even though the zone may be of very limited thickness, might underpredict the well field protection capture boundaries. Applied Stochastic ground‐water modeling in determining well field protection zones is steadily becoming important in addressing the uncertainty of the hydrogeologic subsurface parameters, specifically in karstic heterogeneous aquifers. This is particularly important in addressing the uncertainty of a 60‐day travel time capture zone in the Northwest Well Field, Miami‐Dade County, where a predominantly high flow zone controls much of the flow in the production wells. A stochastic ground‐water modeling application along with combination of pilot points and regularization technique is presented to further consolidate the uncertainty of the subsurface.     

水功能区考核指标体系研究初探

水功能区是实施最严格水资源管理制度的重要基础,本文从水功能区划理论、管理现状与考核要求,提出了水功能区考核指标体系建设的原则,并应用频度分析法、理论分析法和专家咨询法等建立了水功能区考核指标体系框架,确定了水文水资源、水环境、水生态和社会属性等四类作为属性层的构成,筛选出生态基流、敏感环境需水量、水质达标率、污染物入河控制量、鱼类多样性指数、珍稀物种生存状况、饮用水源地安全达标建设状况和水资源开发利用率等8个指标,最终确立了不同类型水功能区考核的关键指标和体系,为落实最严格的水资源管理制度奠定了良好的基础.     

基于RZWQM模型模拟太行山低山丘陵区农田土壤硝态氮迁移及淋溶规律

太行山低山丘陵区是华北平原地下水补给区,近年来山区农田面积增加,农田过量氮肥投入造成地下水硝酸盐浓度逐年升高,因此,研究典型农田土壤氮淋溶过程对保护补给区地下水具有重要意义.本文以位于太行山低山丘陵区的中国科学院太行山生态试验站冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田为研究对象,应用根区水质模型（root zone water quality model,RZWQM）对太行山低山丘陵区2015~2016年冬小麦-夏玉米的1个轮作周期内1m土壤剖面水分和硝态氮运移进行模拟.结果表明,土壤硝态氮淋溶主要发生在夏玉米季（雨季）,当全年施氮量为300 kg·hm^-2时,夏玉米季硝态氮淋失量达到59.9 kg·hm^-2,而冬小麦生长季硝态氮淋失量仅为2.12 kg·hm^-2.不同施氮量和不同降水年型下玉米季土壤硝态氮淋溶模拟结果表明,当施氮量为0、300和450 kg·hm^-2时,2016年（丰水年）极端降水后,玉米季土壤硝态氮潜在淋失量分别为10.5、59.9和136.5 kg·hm^-2;当全年施氮量为300 kg·hm^-2时,2013（枯水年）、2015（平水年）和2016年（丰水年）玉米季硝态氮淋失量分别占轮作周期总施氮量的9%、10%和20%;当全年施氮量为450 kg·hm^-2时,2013（枯水年）、2015（平水年）和2016年（丰水年）玉米季硝态氮淋失量分别占总施氮量的11%、17%和30%,表明大降水事件不仅对地下水形成大量补给,很大程度上也增加了累积在农田土壤中的硝态氮淋溶损失,增加了对区域地下水硝酸盐潜在污染威胁.     

“双碳”目标下国家高新区绿色发展研究

面向碳达峰碳中和目标和新发展理念要求,本文主要聚焦于国家高新技术产业开发区的绿色发展路径探讨。首先,概述了近20年国家高新技术产业开发区战略定位演变特征和发展取得的主要成就。其次,深入分析了国家高新技术产业开发区开展碳达峰碳中和工作面临的主要技术难点与挑战,包括园区空间范围的明确界定,减污降碳协同面临的跨供应链、产业链、价值链、多系统融合等复合型技术难题,园区对“双碳”目标与发展关系的认识不充分不到位,以及管理机制仍存在不明确等方面。进而,对国家高新技术产业开发区碳达峰碳中和与绿色发展的关系进行辨识。在此基础上,本文分别从管理部门和园区视角,提出国家高新技术产业开发区推进绿色低碳发展的8项重点任务,以期推动国家高新技术产业开发区绿色发展迈上新台阶。     

重金属污染物在下包气带饱水条件下迁移转化的研究

不同的重金属污染物进入饱水的下包气带土层之后,由于其形态和价态变化差异较大,在土壤中的迁移、转化特征有明显差别,其迁移顺序为Cr_2O_7~(2-)>AsO_2~->>Hg~(2+)>Cd~(2+)>Pb~(2+).不同土质对重金属污染物迁移的影响为:在砂土中迁移最快,亚砂土中次之,亚粘土中最慢.     

Application and sensitivity testing of a eutrophication assessment method on coastal systems in the United States and European Union

The Assessment of Estuarine Trophic Status (ASSETS) screening model has been extended to allow its application to both estuarine and coastal systems. The model, which combines elements of pressure, state and response, was tested on four systems: Maryland Coastal Bays and Long Island Sound in the United States and The Firth of Clyde (Scotland) and Tagus Estuary (Portugal) in the European Union. The overall scores were: Maryland Coastal Bays: Bad; Firth of Clyde: Poor; Tagus Estuary: Good. Long Island Sound was modelled along a timeline, using 1991 data (score: Bad) and 2002 data (score: Moderate). The improvement registered for Long Island Sound is a consequence of the reduction in nutrient loading, and the ASSETS score changed accordingly. The two main areas where developments are needed are (a) In the definition of type-specific ranges for eutrophication parameters, due to the recognition that natural or pristine conditions may vary widely, and the use of a uniform set of thresholds artificially penalizes some systems and potentially leads to misclassification; (b) In the definition and quantification of measures which will result in an improved state through a change in pressures, as well as in the definition of appropriate metrics through which response may be assessed. One possibility is the use of detailed research models where different response scenarios potentially produce changes in pressure and state. These outputs may be used to drive screening models and analyze the suitability of candidate metrics for evaluating management options.     

河流污染带特征参数预测模型及其软件化研究

本文建立了连续点源和瞬时点源两种常见排污工况下河流污染带的特征参数预测模型，模型预测的污染带特征参数包括污染物达到全断面均匀混合的距离、污染带最大长度、最大宽度及其出现的位置、污染带面积等，并能利用污染带的特征参数反演推算允许排污量和削减量。模型所用方法简便易行，且具有较高精度，可用于常规连续排污和突发事故排污情况下的河流污染带预测。在此基础上，研制开发了河流污染带特征参数预测系统（RPZS），方便实用。     

云南省云县生态经济分区

运用模糊聚类的分析方法对云南省云县12个乡镇进行了生态经济分区,并经过判别分析,得到了5个生态经济区域,分区结果符合客观实际,对分类指导和科学调控云县区域生态经济系统,保证持续、稳定、高速发展具有重要的参考价值。     

三峡库区出露期消落带沉积物磷分布特征

为了揭示经历完整反季节干湿交替周期消落带沉积物磷的源汇转化趋势,分析了三峡库区出露期消落带沉积物中磷酸盐的分布特征及含量变化.结果表明,首次经历完整反季节干湿交替的消落带宏观上表现出沉积物总磷(TP)累积现象,但覆水沉积物TP>落干沉积物TP,表明夏季水库开闸放水排沙,且消落带夏季出露期降雨资源丰富,有利于出露消落带表层沉积物被冲刷排除.有机磷(Or-P)含量升高是导致首次经历完整反季节干湿交替的消落带沉积物总磷积累的主要原因.消落带反季节干湿交替有利于沉积物中活性较高的活性磷(Ac-P)、Or-P的累积,有利于相对稳定的闭蓄态磷(O-P)、钙磷(Ca-P)排出.