西安市城市降尘和土壤尘PM10和PM2.5中碳组分特征

为研究西安市城市降尘和土壤尘PM₁₀和PM_2.5中碳组分污染特征,丰富大气降尘的成分谱库,于2015年4~5月收集了西安市城区5个点位的城市降尘和周边16个点位的土壤尘样品,通过ZDA-CY01颗粒物再悬浮采样器获得PM₁₀和PM_2.5的滤膜样品,使用Model5L-NDIR型OC和EC分析仪测定了样品中的有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）,定量分析了西安市城市降尘和土壤尘PM₁₀和PM_2.5中碳组分特征及其主要来源.结果表明,不同站点降尘PM₁₀和PM_2.5中OC的占比差异较大,分别为6.0%~19.4%和7.6%~29.8%.不同站点降尘PM₁₀和PM_2.5中EC的占比较小,在城市站点的占比分别为0.6%~2.2%和0.2%~3.6%,而在多数外围土壤尘中几乎检测不到EC的存在.PM₁₀中含碳组分的占比为：城市降尘>外部对照>河滩土>土壤尘,PM_2.5中含碳组分的占比为：城市降尘>土壤尘>外部对照>河滩土.不同站点降尘含碳气溶胶均以OC为主,在城市降尘中相对较低,在PM₁₀和PM_2.5中OC占总碳（TC）的比值分别为85.2%~95.3%和87.9%~98.9%;在土壤尘中OC的占比较高,均超过99%.含碳物质主要集中在细颗粒物中.不同城市站点降尘中碳组分的分布具有一致性,不同土壤尘中碳组分的差异较大.城市和土壤降尘中碳组分主要受生物质燃烧、燃煤、汽油车和柴油车尾气等污染源的影响,PM₁₀和PM_2.5中含碳气溶胶的来源贡献率存在差异.     

长江河口区水体的锶同位素地球化学--对水与沉积物相互作用过程的反映

为了解长江河口区的水体混合过程和水与沉积物或颗粒物的相互作用过程,对长江河口水的87Sr/86Sr及Sr元素浓度进行了测定,结果显示:与世界河流平均值(Sr为78μg/L,87Sr/86Sr为0.7119)相比,长江水具有明显的高Sr(130μg/L)低87Sr/86Sr比值(0.7105)的特点。在长江口水体混合过程中,锶同位素没有象其它河口那样显示简单的两端员理想混合模式,而是在距河口约30～40km的地点出现87Sr/86Sr的突然升高,水体悬浮颗粒物(SPM)浓度也在同一区域出现升高现象。这可能是该区水体和沉积物相互作用比较强烈而引起沉积物与上覆水体发生物质交换。     

贵州茂兰峰丛森林洼地泥沙堆积速率的~(137)Cs示踪研究

选择黔南峰丛洼地区的茂兰自然保护区的坡格森林洼地典型小流域,进行了泥沙堆积的137Cs示踪研究。(1)坡格森林洼地底部的土壤剖面属于农耕地剖面。(2)受岩土分布、微地形和土壤异质性的影响,137Cs初始沉降后的再分布不均匀,137Cs面积活度变异系数为1.54。相同组成特征的地块内部样点137Cs面积活度变异系数变化为0.36～0.54,变异相对较小。但137Cs面积活度不能表征土壤侵蚀状况。(3)典型沉积剖面B-1的单一137Cs峰值浓度出现在14～16cm,高浓度137Cs均匀分布深度小于当地犁耕层厚度20cm,说明1963年以来坡格森林洼地的堆积速率接近于0。     

Prenatal diagnosis and long survival of Fryns' syndrome

We report on a case of Fryns' syndrome diagnosed prenatally in a woman with no family history of this disorder. A computerized database was used for the differential diagnosis. Intensive perinatal care resulted in prolonged survival, which is unusual in individuals with Fryns' syndrome. This case provides further delineation of the developmental course in patients with this condition.     

Modified Edman degradation applied to hemoglobin for monitoring occupational exposure to alkylating agents

A method that can be used for the monitoring of exposure to alkylating agents in the environment is presented. It is based on the quantification of alkylated N‐terminal valines in hemoglobin, using a modified Edman degradation procedure. The detection limit (GC/electron capture detector or GC/MS) is increased by two magnitudes of ten when using pentafluorophenyl isothiocyanate instead of phenyl isothiocyanate in the derivatization step. As little as one nmole N‐(—2 hydroxyethyl)valine per gram hemoglobin can be detected under practical conditions.     

北京市大气污染减排潜力及居民健康效益评估

北京市能源消费正面临着污染物减排和保障居民健康的双重约束. 针对未来城市能源消费设计BAU(基准情景)和2个分别基于近期和中长期节能环保要求的受控情景(EC1、EC2),模拟预测了3个情景下主要大气污染物(SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5)在目标年(2020年)的排放水平,以确定大气污染减排潜力. 分别采用综合暴露-反应关系模型(IER)和泊松回归模型,评估北京市居民对PM_2.5暴露的健康风险,估算健康损失的经济价值. 结果表明:相较BAU情景,在EC1情景下, SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5减排率分别达到52.95%、49.77%、32.82%、41.41%,可减少PM_2.5暴露下居民死亡和发病219 783例,其中死亡1 295例、住院3 920例、门诊182 558例、患病32 011例,获得健康效益111.87×108元;在EC2情景下,SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5的减排率分别达到66.61%、63.42%、54.96%、57.44%,可减少PM_2.5暴露下居民死亡和发病519 234例,其中死亡2 930例、住院9 248例、门诊427 070例、患病79 986例,获得健康效益290.10×108元. 相较EC1情景,EC2情景可产生更大的减排潜力和居民健康效益. 从空间分布上来看,北京主城区因能源方案优化获得的健康效益较大,约占总健康经济效益的60%.      

鸟粪石结晶法去除垃圾渗滤液中NH_4~+-N的效果研究

研究了鸟粪石结晶法对经混凝预处理后的垃圾渗滤液中NH4+-N的去除效果,考察了不同影响因素对NH4+-N去除效果的影响,并进行了磷酸铵镁(MgNH4PO4·6H2O,简称MAP)沉淀的表征及成分分析,并提出了反应后溶液中Mg2+、PO43-及MAP的回收利用办法。结果表明,反应的最佳条件为:pH8.5～9.5,Mg2+∶NH4+∶PO34-(摩尔比)=1.1∶1.0∶1.3,反应温度30℃,反应时间为25 min时,此时NH4+-N的去除率达94.70%;最佳沉淀剂投加组合为MgCl2.6 H2O与Na2HPO4·12H2O;pH为9.0时生成的沉淀符合典型MAP沉淀的晶体结构,生成的沉淀大部分为MAP,且没有氰化物、酚等有害物质的检出,而pH为10.5时生成的沉淀由许多疏松的微小沉淀颗粒组成,排列较杂乱,影响了沉淀的纯度。利用鸟粪石结晶法去除混凝预处理后的垃圾渗滤液中NH4+-N技术可行,经济效益合理,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Screening for Down's syndrome in older women based on maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels and age: Preliminary results

We report the results of screening for Down's syndrome (DS) in older women using published rate schedules based on maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) and age. Five hundred and seventeen patients aged 35 years and older, who were referred for a mid-trimester genetic amniocentesis, were first tested for MSAFP and then underwent an amniocentesis. Individual risks for DS, combining MSAFP and age, were derived using three different published rate schedules. Theoretical selection for amniocentesis was made using the cut-off level of the average collective risk for a 35-year-old woman (1:380 at live birth or 1:270 at amniocentesis). Six affected pregnancies (five with DS and one with trisomy 18), which were diagnosed prenatally, were all found to be at a higher risk than the specified cut-off. These cases would have been diagnosed in any event, using any of the published rate schedules. According to these rate schedules, between 39 and 45 per cent of the patients would be in the lower risk group and therefore would have been counselled not to undergo amniocentesis. Further studies should be conducted in order to reach conclusive screening policies for DS in older women.     

劈裂拉伸条件下大红山铜矿矿岩变形特性的试验研究

对大红山铜矿的3种岩石的试样进行了劈裂拉伸(巴西法)试验和单轴压缩试验,研究了岩石的变形特性。劈裂试验中在试样中部相互垂直的方向上粘贴了电阻应变计测量试样的变形。结果表明,在劈裂试验条件下,两种岩石均出现垂直于加载轴线方向所获得的拉伸弹模小于平行于加载轴线方向所获得的压缩弹模的现象。与单轴压缩下试样出现破裂、扩容的破坏特征相比,劈裂拉伸下试样的变形特征为接近峰值时变形曲线斜率会逐渐降低,达到峰值应力后则很快出现数值很大的拉伸变形,直至试样破坏。劈裂拉伸循环加卸载试验发现,大多数试样的拉伸卸载变形大于加载变形,致使残余变形的数值为负值,称之为反向残余变形。此现象与连续介质变形行为的预期不符,至今未见类似报道。反向残余变形是否具有普遍性及其影响,应该开展更多研究。     

First-trimester maternal serum unconjugated oestriol and alpha-fetoprotein in fetal Down's syndrome

Maternal sera (MS) taken from 1396 women prior to chorionic villus sampling at 9–12 menstrual weeks were assayed for unconjugated oestriol (uE3) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Median levels increased by 41 and 26 per cent per week respectively in normal pregnancies. There were 32 pregnancies with a chromosome abnormality. The median MS uE3 and AFP were 0.73 and 0.75 multiples of the median (MoM) respectively in the ten cases of Down's syndrome (DS) but not decreased in the other abnormalities. These results suggest that both uE3 and AFP may be useful in identifying DS in the first trimester. Additional prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.