Comparison of Two Manual Methods of Nitrogen Dioxide Determination in Ambient Air

Sodium arsenite (modified Jacobs and Hochheiser method; hereafter referred as SA), the most widely used manual monitoring method for determination of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) in ambient air, particularly in developing countries has been evaluated and compared with US EPA recommended equivalent method of TGS-ANSA (hereafter referred as ANSA). NO₂ concentrations generated from laboratory test atmosphere were analyzed by these two methods and were compared statistically. Laboratory evaluations showed that SA method has high sensitivity to different sampling conditions, which normally vary during actual field monitoring. Hence, correction factors for absorption efficiency were estimated for SA and ANSA methods. Absorption efficiency of NO₂ in SA method was found to be much lower (64%) as against the reported value of 82% at the method recommended sampling conditions, whereas for ANSA method, it was found 1.0 as against the reported value of 0.93. After applying derived correction factors, both the methods produced almost similar concentration values of NO₂.     

开顶式气室原位研究水稻汞富集对大气汞浓度升高的响应

采用开顶式气室熏气实验和土壤加汞培育实验,原位研究水稻各器官汞富集对大气汞质量浓度升高的响应关系.结果表明,水稻根中汞含量与大气汞质量浓度无显著相关性(P0.05),与土壤汞含量呈显著正相关(R=0.998 8,P0.05),表明水稻根中的汞主要来自于对土壤中汞的吸收累积.水稻茎中汞含量随大气汞质量浓度的升高呈线性增加(RB=0.964 6,RU=0.983 1,P0.05),且上部茎中汞含量高于下部茎;茎下部汞含量随土壤汞含量的升高呈线性增加(R=0.990 1,P0.05),茎上部汞含量随土壤汞含量的升高呈二次拟合增加(R=0.998 9,P0.05),且下部茎汞含量高于上部茎,说明茎汞含量受土壤和大气汞浓度的共同影响.水稻叶中汞含量与大气汞质量浓度呈显著正相关(R=0.998 5,P0.05),与土壤汞含量也有很好的线性关系(R=0.998 3,P=0.058 5),表明水稻从大气吸收的汞主要积累在叶片中,从土壤吸收的汞主要富集在根中并通过茎部向叶部传输.利用实验建立的函数关系对水稻地上生物质中汞的大气来源估算,至少60%~94%和56%~77%水稻叶和上部茎中的汞来自大气,而大气对下部茎仅贡献8%~56%.由此水稻地上部分生物质汞主要来自对大气汞的吸收,为区域大气汞的收支及汞循环模型提供理论依据.     

聚乙二醇和海藻酸钠混合固定化硝化细菌研究

采用聚乙二醇(PEG)和海藻酸钠(SA)作为混合固定化载体材料对硝化细菌进行包埋固定化.结果表明,PEG和SA质量分数分别为6％和4％时,其溶液黏稠度、成球效果及机械强度、传质性能等方面都均为最佳.另外,固定化小球扫描电镜显示球体为外密内疏的结构,这满足体内细胞泄漏少、外面细胞难以进入的条件.将所得最佳性能的固定化小球与游离菌体进行模拟废水降解对比试验,经过7d处理后废水中氨氮和亚硝态氮质量浓度都明显下降,且固定化颗粒的降解率要明显高于游离菌株,此时氨氮的去除率为90％,亚硝态氮去除率为80％.     

水杨酸诱导黄瓜抗黑星病抗性的部位差异和时效性

寻找能够诱导植物产生抗病性的天然的生物活性物质制剂已成为作物保护研究的重点［１］．水杨酸（ＳＡ）外源处理可诱导一些重要农作物产生针对真菌、细菌、病毒病害的局部或系统性抗性,因而倍受关注［２］．黄瓜黑星病是黄瓜保护地栽培过程中的一种主要病害,寻找能防治此病且不污染环境的生物农药并研究其作用规律已成为当务之急．本文简报以黄瓜植株和黑星病菌的互作系统为材料,观察ＳＡ对黄瓜抗黑星病抗性的诱导作用及其诱导抗性在植株不同位置的差异和时效差异．１　材料与方法１．１　实验材料１．１．１　供试植物　　黄瓜品种为对…     

海藻酸钠/锆@钙水凝胶的制备及其对磷的吸附研究

利用简便的方法制备了一种新型的海藻酸钠/锆@钙(SA/Zr@Ca)水凝胶材料,采用SEM、XRD对该材料进行了表征,并通过拟合吸附等温模型及吸附动力学模型,结合XPS和Zeta电位分析,研究了该材料对磷酸盐吸附的性能和机理.结果表明,该材料为非晶态的无定型材料.在溶液初始pH为2～7时,SA/Zr@Ca对磷酸盐(以PO...     

Enhanced atrazine removal using membrane bioreactor bioaugmented with genetically engineered microorganism

Bioaugmentation with genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) for enhanced removal of recalcitrant pollutants was explored. An atrazine-degrading genetically engineered microorganism (GEM) with green fluorescent protein was inoculated into an MBR and the effects of such a bioaugmentation strategy on atrazine removal were investigated. The results show that atrazine removal was improved greatly in the bioaugmented MBR compared with a control system. After a start-up period of 6 days, average 94.7% of atrazine was removed in bioaugmented MBR when atrazine concentration of influent was 14.5 mg/L. The volumetric removal rates increased linearly followed by atrazine loading increase and the maximum was 65.5 mg/(L·d). No negative effects were found on COD removal although carbon oxidation activity of bioaugmented sludge was lower than that of common sludge. After inoculation, adsorption to sludge flocs was favorable for GEM survival. The GEM population size initially decreased shortly and then was kept constant at about 10⁴–10⁵ CFU/mL. Predation of micro-organisms played an important role in the decay of the GEM population. GEM leakage from MBR was less than 10² CFU/mL initially and was then undetectable. In contrast, in a conventionally activated sludge bioreactor (CAS), sludge bulking occurred possibly due to atrazine exposure, resulting in bioaugmentation failure and serious GEM leakage. So MBR was superior to CAS in atrazine bioaugmentation treatment using GEM.     

夏秋季宁波市气态元素汞(GEM)污染特征及潜在源区贡献分析

气态元素汞(gaseous elemental mercury,GEM)是普遍存在于大气中的对生物体有害的重金属元素其化学性质稳定,在大气中停留时间长,可随气团长距离输送属于全球性污染物.本研究于2017年夏秋季对宁波市大气GEM、常规污染物和气象参数进行综合观测,研究沿海地区GEM受人为源和自然源共同作用下的迁移转化规律及潜在源贡献来源.结果表明:①观测期间大气GEM的平均质量浓度为(2.32±0.90) ng·m~(-3),变化范围为0.97～10.95 ng·m~(-3),且夏季低于秋季.②GEM、O_3和GOM在夏季、秋季、晴天和阴雨天的日内浓度变化表明,高浓度的O_3和强烈的光照可加速GEM发生光化学反应,GEM在晴天的光化学氧化强度高于阴雨天.③相关性分析表明,GEM与PM_(2.5)(R=0.65,P0.01)、PM_(10)(R=0.47,P0.01)、NO_2(R=0.46,P0.01)和CO(R=0.57,P0.01)呈显著正相关关系,其来源与化石燃料等物质燃烧有关.④O_3等光化学氧化剂的浓度、GEM在颗粒物上的气粒分配及PM_(2.5)、水汽和NO_2的消光效应,可对GEM光化学氧化速率产生重要影响.⑤潜在源贡献分析(potential source contribution function analysis,PSCF)结果表明夏季浙江省北部(包含宁波市)、西北部,安徽省南部和江西省大部分地区构成一个三角形区域是NBUEORS大气GEM的潜在源贡献区域,且本地源、区域源和长距离源输送对GEM污染均具有重要影响.秋季的潜在源贡献区域主要为浙江省北部区域,范围小于夏季.GEM主要来自本地源和区域源输送影响.因此,针对大气GEM污染的控制,需要跨省的区域联防联控,综合治理,方可有效减轻大气汞的污染.     

外源物质对李氏禾超富集铬的作用

通过水培实验发现,施加EDTA、CTAB、SA对铬超富集植物李氏禾地上部分和地下部分的铬含量及生理特性产生不同的的影响。EDTA使叶绿素含量上升,SOD/POD、SOD/CAT的活性比降低,抗氧化酶系统的平衡略有恢复,MDA含量降低,同时促进Cr6+从根部向地上部分运输及积累,根系铬含量降低,总体铬含量仍有较大地提高;CTAB使叶绿素降低,酶活性比值升高,抗氧化酶系统失衡加剧,MDA含量增加,并有效促进根部对Cr的吸收和积累,总体铬含量有大幅度提高;水杨酸可使叶绿素含量、酶活性比值有所恢复,减少MDA的积累,对Cr6+的吸收和运输无显著影响。研究结果既可以为提高超富集植物的修复效率提供科学依据,同时也为研究超富集植物富集重金属铬的生理机制提供良好的线索,在理论和技术上均具有重要价值。     

Adsorption mechanism of phenolic compounds from aqueous solution on hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent

The adsorption of two phenols, namely, phenol and salicylic acid(SA) onto a water-compatible hypercrosslinked polymeric resin (NJ-8) were studied in terms of pseudo-second-order and first order mechanisms for chemical sorption as well as an intraparticle diffusion mechanism process. Kinetic analysis showed that the intraparticle diffusion process was the essential rate-controlling step. The activation energies of sorption have also been evaluated with the pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion constants, respectively. Adsorption equilibrium data were well fitted by the Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson isotherms. Adsorption was exothermic and basically of a type of transition between physical and chemical character. The sorption capacity was higher for SA due to its more hydrophobic. Phenol has a higher adsorption enthalpy since it could form stronger hydrogen bonding on NJ-8.     

废水生物强化中基因工程菌的流失和环境生存状况研究

在废水生物强化处理中,基因工程菌从生物反应器向环境的流失会造成潜在生态风险.在传统活性污泥法反应器(CAS)和膜一生物反应器(MBR)中,考察了1株降解阿特拉津基因工程菌的流失和流失后在模拟自然环境中的生存状况.结果表明,基因工程菌在接种初期从反应器中流失的密度最大.在接种密度为1010CFU/mL时,CAS的最大流失密度接近接种密度,MBR的最大流失密度仅有102CFU/mL.在模拟自然环境中,流失密度是决定基因工程菌生存状况的主要因素.在CAS出水1010CFU/mL流失密度下,高种群密度基因工程菌在水体和土壤中生存时间较长(30 d以上),潜在生态风险较高;在MBR出水102CFU/mL流失密度下.基因工程菌在水体和土壤中很快衰亡,潜在生态风险较小.环境条件对基因工程菌生存状况具有影响,提高土壤的含水率、有机质含量以及环境选择压力的存在有利于基因工程菌生存.