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Samuel R. Scholes Ana B. Sendova-Franks S. Tim Swift Chris Melhuish 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,59(4):531-540
A fundamental issue of collective intelligence is whether the collective pattern or process is based on environmental information
that explicitly codes for it or arises through self-organization of the individuals. Sometimes, these alternatives occur together.
Adaptive systems may also be capable of utilizing different types of mechanism under different conditions. Sendova-Franks
et al. (Anim Behav 68:1095–1106, 2004) demonstrated evidence for a self-organization mechanism of brood sorting in the ant
Temnothorax albipennis, where the brood are sorted in a series of bands or concentric annuli that increase in size with distance from the colony
centre. The work by Cox and Blanchard (J Theor Biol 204:223-238, 2000) suggests an alternative or complementary mechanism
whereby the brood pattern is specified by the template of a CO2 gradient. Here, we test for a gaseous template as a necessary condition for brood sorting. Under the experimental condition,
we pumped the air out of the nest continuously to prevent the accumulation of any gaseous substances. We compared the brood
pattern between the experimental and control conditions according to four characteristics: mean distance from centre, mean
nearest-neighbour distance, shape and area. Under the experimental condition, the order of brood types according to the first
two characteristics was the same as in the control. The area of the brood pattern was smaller, and its shape elongated under
the experimental condition. As expected on the basis of these differences, mean distance from centre was greater and mean
nearest-neighbour distance was smaller under the experimental condition (although not statistically significantly) and by
the expected amount. We found evidence that ants avoid placing brood in the strongest airflow stream. This could explain the
reduced area and elongated shape of the brood pattern under the experimental condition. We conclude that a gaseous template
is not a necessary condition for brood sorting.
Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users. 相似文献
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The effect of the surfactant template cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in MCM-41 on the adsorption of aniline was investigated. Various MCM-41 samples were prepared by controlling template removal using an extraction method. The samples were then used as adsorbents for the removal of aniline from aqueous solution. The results showed that the MCM-41 samples with the template partially removed (denoted as C-MCM-41) exhibited better adsorption performance than MCM-41 with the template completely removed (denoted as MCM-41). The reason for this difference may be that the C-MCM-41 samples had stronger hydrophobic properties and selectivity for aniline because of the presence of the template. The porosity and cationic sites generated by the template play an important role in the adsorption process. The optimal adsorbent with moderate template was achieved by changing the ratio of extractant; it has the potential for promising applications in the field of water pollution control. 相似文献
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