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Food distribution is hypothesized to be important in determining the nature of female relationships within social groups of
primates. When food limits female reproductive success, spatially clumped foods are expected to produce strong, linear dominance
hierarchies within groups, whereas more spatially dispersed foods are expected to produce weaker or non-existent dominance
hierarchies. The association between food distribution and competitive relationships presumably occurs because clumped foods
are usurpable but dispersed foods are not. We examined the spatial distribution of food patches (trees) and patch size relative
to feeding behavior and agonistic interactions in vervets and patas monkeys, two closely related and sympatric species that
nonetheless differ in the strength of the female dominance hierarchy. Food patches of both patas monkeys and vervets were
small in size and randomly distributed in Acacia drepanolobium habitat. In contrast, in A. xanthophloea woodland, the habitat type that was exclusively used by vervets, food patches were larger and more spatially clumped. These
similarities and differences between and within species were correlated with similarities and differences in the strength
and linearity of their dominance hierarchies. Patas monkeys and vervets in A. drepanolobium habitat had dominance hierarchies that were weakly defined because there were relatively few agonistic interactions between
females. By contrast, in A. xanthophloea habitat, vervets had a stronger, linear dominance hierarchy characterized by a higher rate of agonistic interactions over
food. The covariation of agonistic interactions with patch size is discussed in relation to depletion time, another characteristic
that may covary with food distribution, and resource renewal rate, an important determinant of agonistic interactions in insectivorous
birds, fishes, insects, and mammals.
Received: 18 February 2000 / Revised: 5 September 2000 / Accepted: 26 September 2000 相似文献
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