漓江流域δD和δ18O对蒸发的指示作用

以漓江流域为例查明不同水体之间氢氧稳定同位素组成特征,并探讨氢氧稳定同位素对漓江流域的蒸发过程指示作用.结果表明：流域内不同水体之间,氢氧稳定同位素表现出不同的组成特征,地表水和地下水,在丰水期δD值和δ¹⁸O值要比枯水期更容易富集,地下水的δD值和δ¹⁸O值分布范围较地表水小;随着水温的升高,δ¹⁸O的变化趋势比d-excess明显.从漓江上游到下游高程逐渐下降,河水线的斜率和截距也在逐渐减小,其中漓江下游河水线的斜率和截距要低于当地大气降水线,表明下游受到蒸发作用较强烈;地下河水线、地表河水线在一定程度上偏离当地大气降水线,但偏离程度较小,表明三者之间有很好的水力联系.受温度和湿度的共同影响,漓江干流丰水期河水的蒸发量占最初水体总量的0.7%~9.1%,枯水期河水的蒸发量占最初水体总量的2.6%~9.7%,丰水期的蒸发比例低于枯水期,从上游到下游蒸发比例在逐渐上升.研究区蒸发量估算值为959.40mm,与多年实测值少43.11mm,相对误差4.70%.氢氧稳定同位素对研究区降水、地表水、地下水之间的转换规律具有重要的实际意义,在今后的漓江流域水文研究中有着更加广阔的空间.     

金属改性对SAPO-34低温还原NO性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备金属改性SAPO-34分子筛催化剂,分析比较了不同单金属（Cu或Co）及不同比例双金属（Cu：Co=1：1、3：1、5：1,质量比）改性催化剂对NO的催化还原性能,评价了不同催化剂的N₂选择性,并采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、比表面积测试、X射线衍射分析（XRD）、NH₃-程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）等表征手段对催化剂的物化性能进行了分析.结果表明,单金属Cu改性催化剂具有较宽的温度区间,在250~450℃范围内NO的转化率始终保持在100%;双金属改性使NO转化率保持为100%的最低温度下降了25~50℃,显著拓宽了低温段窗口,其中,Cu₃Co₁/SAPO-34催化剂的低温催化还原性能最好,200℃即可实现100%的NO转化率,175℃下的转化率也高达80%以上.Cu-Co双金属改性SAPO-34分子筛催化剂具有优异的低温催化还原NO性能,具有在机动车尾气、工业废气的低温脱硝治理领域应用的潜力.     

稻田NO3-还原耦合As(III)氧化过程及微生物群落特征

以华南稻田土壤为研究对象通过构建微宇宙体系,研究了淹水稻田自养硝酸盐还原耦合As（III）氧化过程及其微生物群落结构组成.结果表明,NO₃^-的添加促进了稻田土壤中As（III）的氧化,在未添加NO₃^-的处理（Soil+As（III））以及灭菌处理（Sterilized soil+As（III）+NO₃^-）中As（III）未发生明显的氧化;在Soil+As（III）+NO₃^-处理中,NO₃^-有少量被还原,而在Soil+NO₃^-处理中,NO₃^-没有被还原.通过16S rRNA高通量分析在NO₃^-还原耦合As（III）氧化体系中微生物群落结构特征,在Soil+As（III）+NO₃^-处理中shannon指数相对较低为8.19,土壤微生物群落多样性降低,其中在门水平上主要优势菌群为变形菌门Proteobacteria（33%）、绿弯菌门Chloroflexi（11%）、浮霉菌门Planctomycetes（12%）;在属水平上主要的优势菌属为Gemmatimonas（7.4%）以及少量的Singulisphaera、Thermomonas、Bacillus.NO₃^-的添加能够促进稻田土壤中自养As（III）氧化,并且影响着稻田土壤中微生物群落组成.     

Effects of SO2 and H2O on low-temperature NO conversion over F-V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalysts

F-V_2 O_5-WO3/Ti02 catalysts were prepared by the impregnation method.As the content of F ions increased from 0.00 to 0.35 wt.%,the NO conversion of F-V_2 O_5-WO_3/TiO_2 catalysts initially increased and then decreased.The 0.2 F-V_2 O_5-WO_3/TiO_2 catalyst(0.2 wt.% F ion)exhibited the best denitration(De-NOx) performance,with more than 95% NO conversion in the temperature range 160-360℃,and 99.0% N2 selectivity between 110 and 280℃.The addition of an appropriate amount of F ions eroded the surface morphology of the catalyst and reduced its grain size,thus enhancing the NO conversion at low temperature as well as the sulfur and water resistance of the V_2 O_5-WO3/Ti02 catalyst.After selective catalytic reduction(SCR) reaction in a gas flow containing SO_2 and H_2 O,the number of NH3 adsorption sites,active component content,specific surface area and pore volume decreased to different degrees.Ammonium sulfate species deposited on the catalyst surface,which blocked part of the active sites and reduced the NO conversion performance of the catalyst.On-line thermal regeneration could not completely recover the catalyst activity,although it prolonged the cumulative life of the catalyst.In addition,a mechanism for the effects of S02 and H_2 O on catalyst NO conversion was proposed.     

Density functional theory (DFT) studies of vanadium-titanium based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts

Based on density functional theory (DFT) and basic structure models, the chemical reactions on the surface of vanadium-titanium based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) denitrification catalysts were summarized. Reasonable structural models (non-periodic and periodic structural models) are the basis of density functional calculations. A periodic structure model was more appropriate to represent the catalyst surface, and its theoretical calculation results were more comparable with the experimental results than a non-periodic model. It is generally believed that the SCR mechanism where NH₃ and NO react to produce N₂ and H₂O follows an Eley-Rideal type mechanism. NH₂NO was found to be an important intermediate in the SCR reaction, with multiple production routes. Simultaneously, the effects of H₂O, SO₂ and metal on SCR catalysts were also summarized.     

Flue gas treatability studies: a tool for techno-economic control of industrial air pollution

Air pollution problems in developing countries have gained larger fraction in the last decade especially due to non functioning and non implementation of effective air pollutioncontrol devices in industries. In industrial wastewater management, adequate treatability studies are conducted to arrive at a techno-economic treatment option. However no suchstudies were done for reducing air pollution or emission fromindustries until now in India. Little information was availableabout such studies in other countries. This article provides information about a novel technique known asflue gas treatability studies and to undertake such studies, a pilot scale system is installed in Air Pollution Control Divisionof M/s National Environmental Engineering research Institute, NEERI, Nagpur-20, India. This study is a tool for techno-economicselection of air pollution control systems specially for small/medium scale industrial emissions.     

GHG emission reductions and costs to achieve Kyoto target

Emission projection and marginal abatement cost curves (MACs) are the central components of any assessment of future carbonmarket, such as CDM (clean development mechanism) potentials, carbon quota price etc. However, they are products of very complex,dynamic systems driven by forces like population growth, economic development, resource endowments, technology progress and so on. The modeling approaches for emission projection and MACs evaluation were summarized, and some major models and their results were compared.Accordingly, reduction and cost requirements to achieve the Kyoto target were estimated. It is concluded that Annex I Parties‘ total reduction requirements range from 503--1304 MtC with USA participation and decrease significantly to 140--612 MtC after USA‘ s withdrawal. Total costs vary from 21--77 BUSD with USA and from 5--36 BUSD without USA if only domestic reduction actions are taken. The costs would sharply reduce while considering the three flexible mechanisms defined in the Kyoto Protocol with domestic actions‘ share in the all mitigation strategies drons to only 0--16%.     

湖泊水体中硫酸盐增高的环境效应研究

通过对高原３个硫酸盐浓度差异的湖泊沉积物水界面硫的形态分布、扩散通量和碎屑有机硫通量等估算，揭示了湖泊水体硫酸盐增加以后的环境效应和自然反馈机制．研究认为：水体向沉积物内部扩散和界面硫酸盐还原作用是高硫酸盐浓度水体硫酸盐的主要清除作用，随硫酸盐浓度的增加，它在水体清除硫酸盐作用的贡献逐渐增大，而低硫酸盐含量湖泊水体生物同化吸收作用是水体硫酸盐的主要清除机制，它在硫酸盐浓度不同的水体没有差异．     

飞机喷洒农药的损失分析

通过田间试验，对装配ＧＰ－８１扁扇型喷头的运５飞机在水稻和棉花上喷洒农药中的药液损失进行了分析，同时讨论了２，４－Ｄ丁酯对敏感作物的影响。结果表明，一元三次方程Ｙ＝ｂ０＋ｂ１ｘ２＋ｂ２ｘ＾２＋ｂ３ｘ＾３能很好地描述药液飘移与下风距离的关系，方程中的参数具有明确的实验意义；２，４－Ｄ丁酰对７００ｍ下风距离内的向日葵类高敏感植物有明显药害，对３５０ｍ范围内的大豆等中等敏感植物也有药害；药液由于飘移和蒸     

土壤对六价铬的还原容量初步研究

提出并讨论了土壤的潜在还原容量、有效还原容量和条件还原容量等概念，通过对采用北京和唐山地下水饮用水源区３个包气带土壤样品的土柱淋滤实验，研究了土壤对水溶液中六价铬的还原作用，研究了上述土壤各种还原容量之间的关系及影响因素，探讨了向土壤中投加适量常见，无毒，价廉的还原性物质以提高土壤还原能力的方法和将其应用于去除灌溉用污染地下水中六价铬的可能性，实验结果表明，在正常环境条件下，土壤的有效还原容量比土