Influence of aluminium on the restoration potential of a terrestrial vascular plant,Portulaca Oleracea L. as a biomonitoring tool of fresh water aquatic environments

In the present study, the influence of aluminium on the regeneration potential of leaf and stem-cuttings of Portulaca oleracea was studied in order to identify a terrestrial plant species as an alternate biomonitoring toolof fresh water environment. The leaves and stem cuttings of theterrestrial plant, P. oleracea grew well in the distilled water producing adventitious and lateral roots. The aluminium treated leaves and stem cuttings showed a reduction in the growthof the adventitious and lateral roots and increase in the decay of leaves and stem cuttings with increasing aluminium concentration. The tolerance index calculated for the leaves and the stem cuttings showed that the leaves were more sensitivethan stems to aluminium. Since all the parameters studied showedconcentration dependent changes, the terrestrial plant, P. oleracea can be considered a suitable biomonitoring tool of fresh water environment besides its usage in the Al toxicity testing.     

Soil properties and crop productivity as influenced by flyash incorporation in soil

Field experiments were carried out during 1996–97at Gulawathi, Muthiani and Salarpur Villages, IARI Farm, NewDelhi and NCPP Campus, Dadri to evaluate changes in soilcharacteristics and growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.),mustard (Brassica juncea L.), lentil (Lence esculentaMoench.), rice (Oryza sativa L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) byvarying amounts of flyash addition (up to 50t ha^-1) in soils atsowing/transplanting time of crops. Flyash addition in areasadjoining NCPP Thermal Power Plant, Dadri, Ghaziabad, U.P.ranged from 5–12 t ha^-1 yr^-1 in 1995–96. Shoot and root growthand yield of test crops at different locations after flyashincorporation resulted in beneficial effects of flyashaddition in most cases. The silt dominant texture of flyashimproved loamy sand to sandy loam textures of the surfacesoils at the farmers' fields. The increased growth in yield ofcrops with flyash incorporation was possibly due tomodifications in soil moisture retention and transmissioncharacteristics, bulk density, physico-chemical characterssuch as pH and EC and organic carbon content. The response offlyash addition in the soil on soil health and cropproductivity needs to be evaluated on long-term sustainableaspects.     

Maize: The Native North American’s Legacy of Cultural Diversity and Biodiversity

Recent research has focused on establishing the values of preserving biodiversity both in agriculture and in less managed ecosystems, and in showing the importance of the role of cultural diversity in preserving biodiversity in food production systems. A study of the philosophy embedded in cultural systems can reveal the importance of the technological information for preserving genetic biodiversity contained in such systems and can be used to support arguments for the protection/preservation of cultural diversity. For example, corn or maize can serve as a paradigm of Native American thinking and can provide one of the few areas from which common philosophical conceptions can emerge. An examination of the cultivation of corn or maize as an agricultural activity and as a cultural activity in Native American literature reveals a philosophy that recognizes the importance of biodiversity and provides techniques for its preservation. Corn, and the food and the materials derived from it, is something thought out, not by specialists, but by the entire tribe and its ancestors, even if this thinking is done within what we might consider a framework of highly mythical notions. Importantly, this framework yields an understanding of both the genetics and nutrition of corn. A survey of these mythical notions (myths and stories) and agricultural practices makes this thought explicit and exemplifies the value of cultural diversity and biodiversity.     

郑州市土壤与绿色植物中汞的分布特征

汞污染具有生物积累性,因而得到社会广泛关注。研究监测和评估了郑州市城区土壤和绿色植物叶片中汞浓度、分布、污染水平等。研究发现郑州市主城区土壤总汞浓度为0. 150～0. 958 mg/kg,平均浓度为0. 448 mg/kg;郑州市主城区绿色植物叶片总汞浓度为0. 017～0. 249 mg/kg,平均浓度为0. 107 mg/kg;土壤和叶片中汞浓度按功能区排序为交通枢纽区工业区商业区行政区高教区住宅区。采用地累积指数法对郑州市80个土壤样品的汞污染水平进行评估,结果显示60%受到轻度污染,35%受到偏中度污染,5%受到中度污染。研究较为全面地分析了土壤汞污染的现状及浓度,为郑州市土壤汞污染防治提供参考。     

玉米对受污染河道复合沉积物的修复

为减轻城市河道沉积物的受污染程度,利用温室盆栽玉米对其中的污染物进行了修复研究试验.结果表明,玉米体内累积最多的重金属是zn,占沉积物中Zn总量的56.69%,其中地上部分为1 985.56 mg·kg-1,占沉积物中Zn总量的30.16%,其余重金属(Pb、Cu、Ni、Cd)均为地上部分小于地下部分;Cd在玉米地上部分的累积量为2.33 mg·kg-1,为沉积物中Cd总量的40.10%;地上部累积的Zn、Pb、Cu和Ni等重金属数量与其离子交换态量显著相关,与重金属总量相关性不明显.种植玉米后沉积物中大分子有机物逐渐向小分子过渡,有效降低了有机物的污染.玉米的根际作用增加了沉积物中的微生物和酶活性.种植玉米较好地修复了受污染河道复合沉积物.     

矿业废弃地复垦土壤-作物硒吸收特征及其对重金属拮抗效应

针对矿业废弃地复垦土壤硒与重金属"双高"现象,为充分开发其富硒土地资源,确保作物安全,本文基于"点对点"采集的土壤和玉米样品,利用反距离权重(inverse distance weighted,IDW)、多元线性回归(multiple linear regression,MLR)、偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)和随机森林回归(random forest regression,RFR)等方法,开展了西南某硫磺矿复垦区玉米硒元素吸收预测的同时,分析硒(Se)对重金属(Hg、As、Cd和Cr)的拮抗效应.结果表明研究区土壤中硒资源丰富,土壤Se平均含量达到0.83mg·kg^-1,是中国土壤Se平均含量的2.87倍,玉米籽粒硒含量处于0.02～0.16mg·kg^-1之间.由相关性分析和模型预测可知,研究区玉米籽粒硒含量主要影响因素为土壤硒、pH值、有机质和重金属As等,多元线性回归(MLR)对其预测最为有效,决定系数R²为0.52.通过比较研究区土壤硒不同含量梯度下玉...     

生物炭和脱硫石膏对盐碱土壤基本理化性质及玉米生长的影响

采用玉米室内盆栽实验的方法,研究了内蒙古包头市西部盐碱土壤在施用以玉米秸秆和污泥为原料制备的生物炭、脱硫石膏及其混合物等不同土壤改良剂对土壤基本理化性质及玉米生长的影响。研究结果表明：单独施用生物炭能够显著提高土壤中养分含量,虽然随着玉米的生长,对土壤养分大量吸收,土壤养分略有降低,但土壤养分仍远远高于未经任何处理的盐碱土壤养分含量;单独施加脱硫石膏对降低土壤碱度、盐度有显著效果,施用脱硫石膏后土壤pH呈下降趋势（0~80 d）,pH最多降低了0.74个单位,且脱硫石膏具有较好的脱盐作用,种植玉米后土壤中溶解性盐含量分别降低了22.55%、25.60%、33.74%、44.07%、45.41%。生物炭和脱硫石膏混合物对土壤的影响,既在一定程度上降低了土壤盐、碱度,又提高了土壤中养分含量,且对玉米生长具有促进作用,能提高玉米生物量。     

表面活性剂对叶面滞尘作用的影响

表面活性剂能够增强植物叶面滞尘能力,研究不同表面活性剂对植物滞尘能力的影响,对于利用植物防治粉尘污染有重要意义。以LAS、DTAB、AR和APG200为喷洒试剂,研究了8种植物吸附表面活性剂后滞留粉尘的重量、组分。结果表明,LAS浓度、植物种类、表面活性剂类型对滞尘量和面积比具有显著影响(P<0.05);表面活性剂能够有效提高植物滞尘能力,LAS、DTAB效果优于生物型AR、APG200,且测试叶面滞尘量的变化与叶面接触角无明显关系;LAS使除朴树外所有植物的滞尘能力增加的浓度为0.2 g/L,而对滞留粉尘组分改变较大的浓度为0.5 g/L;此外,表面活性剂能改变滞留粉尘的组分,但不具有明显的规律性,粉尘的遮光比变化趋势与叶面滞尘量基本相似。     

树叶烟尘中的有机碳和元素碳

为了探讨不同燃烧条件下树叶烟尘中有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)及8种碳组分(OC1~OC4、POC、EC1~EC3)的质量分数及分布,利用自制的燃烧采样装置,对10种绿叶进行了阴、明燃两种条件的燃烧,并用热/光碳分析仪对产生的烟尘进行了测定.结果表明,10种绿叶阴燃烟尘中的OC、EC质量分数均值分别为48.9%和4.5%,焦炭char-EC(定义为EC1-POC)的质量分数均值为4.4%.该条件下绿叶燃烧的烟尘(PM)、OC及EC的排放因子均值分别为102.4、50.0和4.7 g·kg-1,烟尘中OC/EC、OC1/OC2及焦炭和炭灰的比值char-EC/soot-EC(定义为EC1-POC/EC2+EC3)的均值分别为11.5、1.9和48.1.明燃条件下,10种绿叶烟尘中OC、EC及char-EC的质量分数均值分别为44.9%、10.9%和10.7%,PM、OC及EC的排放因子均值分别为59.2、26.6和6.0 g·kg-1.10种绿叶明燃烟尘中上述三特征比值的均值分别为4.8、1.1和133.0.树叶阴燃烟尘中OC1质量分数及OC1/OC2值均显著高于明燃,而明燃烟尘中的char-EC质量分数及char-EC/soot-EC显著大于阴燃.树叶烟尘中OC、EC的组成在不同树种及燃烧条件间均体现出一些差异,同时也明显区别于其他生物质烟尘.     

长期定位有机物料还田对关中平原夏玉米-冬小麦轮作土壤NO排放的影响

农田土壤是大气光化学活性气体一氧化氮(NO)的主要人为源之一.为定量研究有机物料还田对NO排放的影响,利用静态暗箱法对关中平原26 a长期定位施肥夏玉米-冬小麦轮作农田NO排放通量进行周年(2016年6月至2017年6月)观测.除对照(CK)处理全年不施肥外,田间设3个施肥处理,冬小麦季分别为全化肥(NPK,165 kg·hm~(-2))、化肥加秸秆[NPKS,(165+40)kg·hm~(-2)]和化肥加牛粪[NPKM,(50+115)kg·hm~(-2)];夏玉米季均施等量化肥(188 kg·hm~(-2)).观测期内,CK处理NO排放通量较小[12.2 g·(hm~2·d)~(-1)];各施肥处理均在夏玉米播种、施肥和冬小麦施肥后出现排放峰,其中NPK处理峰值最高[112.0 g·(hm~2·d)~(-1)].各处理NO年排放总量和排放系数分别为0.13~0.57 kg·hm~(-2)和0.04%~0.12%.NPKS和NPKM处理年排放总量较NPK分别减少17.6%和增加68.0%(P0.05).与NPK处理相比,NPKS和NPKM冬小麦季排放总量降低41.1%~60.0%(P0.05);但夏玉米季增加25.2%~292.1%(P0.05).冬小麦季添加有机物料有效降低NO排放,而夏玉米季NO排放增加则与土壤有机质含量有关.