Oviposition stimulants and deterrents control acceptance ofAlliaria petiolata byPieris rapae andP. napi oleracea

Summary Differential acceptance of garlic mustard,Alliaria petiolata byPieris rapae L. andP. napi oleracea is explained by their differential sensitivities to oviposition stimulants and deterrents in the plant. Fractions containing the stimulants and deterrents were isolated by solvent partitioning between water and n-butanol and by open-column chromatography followed by HPLC.P. napi oleracea showed no preference when offered a choice ofA. petiolata or cabbage, but was strongly stimulated to oviposit by post-butanol water extracts ofA. petiolata. The most abundant glucosinolate in this extract was identified as sinigrin, which could explain the high degree of stimulatory activity.P. rapae preferred cabbage plants overA. petiolata, and the relatively low stimulatory activity was also associated with the glucosinolate-containing aqueous extract. However, this species was strongly stimulated by a fraction that contained small amounts of glucotropaeolin along with unknown compounds. Deterrents to both species were found in the butanol extract fromA. petiolata, andP. napi oleracea was more sensitive thanP. rapae to these deterrents. Some HPLC fractions from the BuOH extract were strongly deterrent toP. napi oleracea, but were inactive toP. rapae. The ecological significance of these behavioral differences between the twoPieris species is discussed.     

纳米氢氧化镁对不同类型土壤镉形态的影响

采用28 d室内连续培养实验,以纳米氢氧化镁和普通氢氧化镁（100、200和300 mg·kg^-1）为镉污染土壤钝化剂,研究了纳米氢氧化镁和普通氢氧化镁对不同类型镉污染土壤（1、5、10和15 mg·kg^-1）中镉形态的影响.结果表明,在中性土壤上,1、5、10和15 mg·kg^-1镉处理中土壤交换态Cd （EX-Cd）形态分布比例FDC为66.7%~81.8%,为土壤镉主要形态.土壤镉含量大小顺序为EX-Cd > 碳酸盐结合态Cd（CAB-Cd） > 残渣态Cd （RES-Cd） > 铁锰氧化态Cd （FeMn-Cd） > 有机结合态Cd （OM-Cd）.培养第14d时,土壤EX-Cd FDC达到最低值.培养0~28 d期间,在1、5、10和15 mg·kg^-1镉处理下,纳米氢氧化镁和普通氢氧化镁处理的土壤EX-Cd FDC较对照（CK）分别降低了11.4%~67.7%、7.8%~37.2%、7.7%~36.4%、5.0%~28.8%（纳米氢氧化镁）和0.5%~49.5%、0.6%~15.0%、1.0%~18.1%、0.7%~14.6%（普通氢氧化镁）.碱性土EX-Cd含量均在培养的第7 d时达到最低;酸性土在1、5和10 mg·kg^-1镉处理中土壤EX-Cd含量在第21d时达到最低值.纳米氢氧化镁和普通氢氧化镁均降低了中、酸、碱性土壤EX-Cd含量,且随氢氧化镁施加量的增加,土壤EX-Cd含量呈降低趋势.相同用量下,钝化土壤活性镉的效果以纳米氢氧化镁优于普通氢氧化镁.     

Stable-isotope probing of bacterial community for dissolved inorganic carbon utilization in Microcystis aeruginosa-dominated eutrophic water

Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is an important source of carbon in aquatic ecosystems, especially under conditions of increased frequency of cyanobacterial bloom. However, the importance of bacteria in direct or indirect utilization of DIC has been widely overlooked in eutrophic freshwater. To identify the functional bacteria that can actively utilize DIC in eutrophic freshwater during cyanobacterial bloom, stable-isotope probing (SIP) experiments were conducted on eutrophic river water with or without inoculation with cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa). Our 16S rRNA sequencing results revealed the significance of Betaproteobacteria, with similar relative abundance as Alphaproteobacteria, in the active assimilation of H¹³CO₃^? into their DNA directly or indirectly, which include autotrophic genera Betaproteobacterial ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Other bacterial groups containing autotrophic members, e.g. Planctomycetes and Nitrospira, also presented higher abundance among free-living bacteria in water without cyanobacteria. Microcystis aggregates showed a preference for some specific bacterial members that may utilize H¹³CO₃^? metabolized by Microcystis as organic matter, e.g. Bacteroidetes (Cytophagales, Sphingobacteriales), and microcystin-degrading bacteria Betaproteobacteria (Paucibacter/Burkholderiaceae). This study provides some valuable information regarding the functional bacteria that can actively utilize DIC in eutrophic freshwater.     

Benthic diatom community response to metal contamination from an abandoned Cu mine: Case study of the Gromolo Torrent (Italy)

Environmental contamination has become a global problem of increasing intensity due to the exponential growth of industrialization. One main debated issue is the metal contamination of rivers receiving Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) from active/abandoned mines. In order to assess the quality of lotic systems, diatoms are commonly used, as their assemblage modifies on the basis of changes in environmental parameters. Benthic diatom changes were analyzed along the metal-impacted Gromolo Torrent (Liguria, NW Italy) with the aim of understanding the effects of input from the abandoned Libiola Cu mine. The results support the hypothesis that metals from AMD lead to massive changes in diatoms, resulting in low biological diversity and in a shift of dominance, passing from the genera Cymbella and Cocconeis to more tolerant and opportunistic species, such as Achnanthidium minutissimum and Fragilaria rumpens. The high concentrations of labile metals, measured through Diffusion Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) immediately downstream of the two AMD inputs in the torrent, corresponded to a sudden decrease in the presence of diatoms, indicating the possible reaching of acute toxic levels. In particular, A. minutissimum dominated the mining area and was positively correlated with Cu and Zn; whereas F. rumpens bloomed downstream of this area, where the metal content was diluted, and was positively correlated with As and Pb. Finally, an important abundance of Nitzschia palea and teratological forms of A. minutissimum and F. rumpens were observed downstream from the mine, indicating that metals may have an important impact on diatoms up to the torrent mouth.     

Editorial: Effects of metal contamination on ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in a freshwater reservoir

<正>Ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms, including ammoniaoxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA), are important to the global nitrogen cycle. These microbes catalyze the oxidization of ammonia (NH_3) to nitrite (NO_2~-), the ratelimiting step in the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen (Stahl and de la Torre, 2012). Effects on the activity of the ammoniaoxidizing microbes could ultimately influence the global     

可生物降解螯合剂GLDA强化三叶草修复镉污染土壤

螯合剂可增加重金属的生物可利用性,强化植物的富集作用.以三叶草为研究对象,通过盆栽试验考察不同浓度可生物降解螯合剂谷氨酸N,N-二乙酸(GLDA)对三叶草修复重金属Cd污染土壤的影响机制.结果表明,低剂量GLDA能显著促进三叶草的生长,其中以2. 5 mmol·kg~(-1)的处理浓度三叶草生物量最高,达到对照组的1. 30倍;不同浓度GLDA均能提高三叶草各部分的Cd含量,总体而言,5 mmol·kg~(-1)GLDA的处理效果最为理想,根部、地上部分和整株Cd含量分别为对照组的3. 57、4. 69和4. 67倍; GLDA能显著增加土壤有效态Cd含量,促进三叶草根部对其直接吸收,并较好地转运至地上部分;通过拟合土壤理化性质、GLDA与三叶草Cd含量的线性关系得出的预测模型,可为今后土壤-三叶草富集效果的研究提供参考.研究表明,在强化植物修复重金属Cd污染土壤方面,生物可降解螯合剂GLDA具有潜在应用前景.     

南京市大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)中硝基多环芳烃污染特征与风险评估

硝基多环芳烃是大气细颗粒物中具有致癌效应的一类重要污染物,为探明硝基多环芳烃污染特征与来源,采集南京市14个大气细颗粒样品,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）测定硝基多环芳烃浓度,进行分布特征分析,来源识别和健康风险评估.结果表明,南京市大气细颗粒物中2,8-二硝基二苯并噻吩（743 pg·m^-3）、2,7-二硝基芴（331 pg·m^-3）、9-硝基蒽（326 pg·m^-3）、3-硝基荧蒽（217 pg·m^-3）和1,8-二硝基芘（193 pg·m^-3）为主要的硝基多环芳烃;硝基多环芳烃检出浓度具有明显的季节变化,冬季最高（3082 pg·m^-3）,秋季其次（1553 pg·m^-3）,春季最低（1218 pg·m^-3）.南京市大气细颗粒物中硝基多环芳烃主要来自多环芳烃大气光氧化反应与生物质燃烧,二次生成是硝基多环芳烃的重要来源.当前南京PM_2.5中硝基多环芳烃的致癌风险可控,二硝基多环芳烃是致癌风险的主要来源.     

青藏高原北部土壤正构烷烃氢同位素及物源意义

采用正构烷烃及其单体氢同位素组成特征相结合的方法研究了青藏高原北部多年冻土区表层土壤正构烷烃（C₂₁~C₃₃）的生物来源.研究表明：表层土壤中正构烷烃呈双峰型和三峰型的分布特征,表明其具有多个生物来源.长链长正构烷烃（C₂₅~C₃₃）主要来源于陆源高等植物.表层土壤中长链长正构烷烃（C₂₅~C₃₃）中奇碳数正构烷烃的δD值比偶碳数的整体偏轻,原因可能是两者的生物合成途径不同.对中等链长正构烷烃聚类分析后分为两种类型,类型I的中等链长正构烷烃（C₂₁~C₂₄）主要来源于陆源高等植物,类型Ⅱ的中等链长正构烷烃主要来源于细菌等微生物降解的产物.表层土壤样品（FHS-10、TG2-10和TG3-10）中等链长的正构烷烃δD值最轻,应为δD值偏轻的水源和细菌等微生物降解共同作用的结果.     

基于ARIMA和BP神经网络的猪舍氨气浓度预测

为了从源头减少生猪养殖过程中的氨气排放,降低猪舍氨气浓度,提出了基于ARIMA-BP神经网络的猪舍氨气浓度组合预测方法,分别从最优权重和残差优化角度对基于ARIMA-BP神经网络的组合预测方法进行了对比研究.将该预测方法应用于江苏省宜兴市某养猪场的氨气浓度预测中,预测结果表明：基于ARIMA-BP神经网络残差优化组合预测方法的预测精度最高,与BP神经网络、ARIMA预测方法和基于ARIMA-BP神经网络最优权重组合预测方法对比分析,评价指标MAE、MAPE和RMSE分别为0.0319、0.1580%和0.0365.本文提出的氨气预测方法可以为猪舍环境精准化调控管理提供科学依据以减小猪舍氨气排放对生态环境的污染.     

制药废水厂抗性基因和微生物群落相关性研究

以2座制药废水厂的生物曝气阶段为例,结合Miseq测序分析技术和荧光定量PCR技术研究活性污泥中微生物群落和β-内酰胺类抗性基因的分布特征、扩增情况及其相关性.结果表明：β-内酰胺类抗性基因OXA-1、OXA-2和OXA-10在2个水厂（J厂和K厂）中均能被检出,OXA型基因丰度在K厂中为5.82×10⁵~3.94×10⁷copies/g（干重）,在J厂的丰度范围为4.84×10⁷~1.09×10¹⁰copies/g,3种基因丰度在曝气处理中显著扩增.Miseq测序结果表明：K厂中主要优势菌门为Proteobacteria,Planctomycetes,Bacteroidetes,Chloroflexi和Acidobacteria等,总平均相对丰度比例为82.13%;J厂中主要优势菌门Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Verrucomicrobia,Gemmatimonadetes和Thermi,总平均相对丰度比例为85.76%.冗余分析显示：生物群落中Bdellovibrio、KD8-87和Paracoccus等菌属可能是OXA-1、OXA-2和OXA-10的主要携带菌属;Hyphomicrobium、Thermomonas和Comamonadaceae可能是OXA-1的主要携带菌属,Caldilineaceae、Myxococcales和Pirellulaceae可能是OXA-10的主要携带菌属.