中国农业雹灾灾情及其季节分区

根据中国雹灾灾情数据库资料,中国雹灾受灾、成灾面积均呈下降趋势,但成灾率仍呈上升趋势。雹灾季节变化明显,春夏为全国降雹的主要时段,4～9月出现的冰雹次数约占全年总次数的92.3%。降雹与成灾在空间分布上有明显的差异,成灾中心集中在黄淮海平原及江南丘陵地区。本文基于县级雹灾季节类型图和农业综合区划图,采用"自上而下"和"自下而上"相结合的方法对雹灾进行了季节分区,将全国分为5个雹灾类型大区:夏季型(I)、春末夏初-夏季型(II)、春末夏初-双峰型(III)、春季型(IV)、夏季-双峰型(V),以及16个二级雹灾亚区,28个三级雹灾区。     

贵州农业“两旱”的气候特征及其防御

研究了对贵州农业有重要影响的春旱、夏旱两种灾害性天气的气候规律，指出了贵州春旱呈西重东轻，夏旱则呈东重西轻的地区分布特点．并在分析其危害的基础上，提出了“两旱”灾害的防御措施。     

USE OF THE KRIGING METHOD FOR STUDYING CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND WATER DROUGHTS1

round water drought events were derived by taking a truncation level through the time series of daily ground water depth that are recorded elevation differences between the water table and land surface at a well site. Droughts of various truncation levels at 70, 80, 90, and 95 percent, were obtained, where a 70 percent truncation level means that 70 percent of ground water depth data are less than or equal to the truncated value. The conditional probability that a drought occurring at a certain truncation level will prolong and advance to that of the next higher level was estimated. The regionalization analysis was conducted assuming that conditional probabilities estimated at selected wells are regionalized variables. Contour lines of conditional probabilities for each truncation level were constructed to express their spatial variability in the region. Estimation errors associated with the regionalization were reasonably small.     

自下而上进行区域自然灾害综合区划的方法研究：以湖南省为案例

概述了当前流行的自然灾害区划方法,提出了基本于单元的自下而上进行了图班合并的方法,该方法通过提取芭本单元的空间邻接系数,对传统的聚类分析方法进行了改进,并应用于空间图斑的合并中。     

REGIONALIZATION AND PREDICTION OF ANNUAL FLOODS IN THE FRASER RIVER CATCHMENT,BRITISH COLUMBIA1

A method of predicting probability distributions of annual floods is presented and is applied to the Fraser River catchment of British Columbia. The Gumbel distribution is found to adequately describe the observed flood frequency data. Using the estimated Gumbel parameters, discriminant analysis is performed to separate basins into flood regions. Within each region, regression analysis is used to relate physiographic and climatic variables to the means and standard deviations of the annual flood series. The regression equations are applied to four test basins and the results indicate that the method is suitable for an estimation of annual floods.     

A CATALYST FOR REGIONALIZATION OF RURAL WATER SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: The National Regulatory Research Institute has recommended the merger of small rural water districts in the United States. Success at bringing about merger of these districts, which contain fewer than 3,500 customers, has been highly limited. The subject of this paper is a demonstration project that may act as a catalyst to achieve the desired goal of regionalization. A computerized hydraulic data management program (CHDMP) was developed for a case study in Nelson County, Kentucky. University professors, graduate students, and two water utilities’ staffs cooperated in network analysis employing computer hardware and software. The utilities’ staffs were taught the science and technology of hydraulic model preparation, simulation, and analysis for the case study distribution systems. As an integrated system, the model contained 294 pipes, 234 nodes, six pumps, and 11 tanks. Each utility's problem areas were identified and some of the individual and mutual benefits of hydraulic planning were illustrated. A dialogue resulted between the managers. Each manager described his goals and agreed that, although political merger was not feasible at the present time, future economic factors could be a definite influence in reversing that decision.     

Assessment of risks posed by chemical industries—application of a new computer automated tool -III

The paper describes the application of a new computer automated tool, developed by us, in the risk analysis of a typical chemical industry engaged in the manufacture of linear alkyl benzene. Using the tool—a comprehensive software package -III (MAXimum CREDible accident analysis)—nine different scenarios, one for each storage unit, have been studied. It is observed that the accident scenario for chlorine (instantaneous release followed by dispersion) leads to the largest area-under-lethal-impact, while the accident scenario for propylene (CVCE followed by fireball) forecasts the most intense damage per unit area. The accidents involving propylene, benzene, and fuel oil have a high possibility of causing domino/secondary accidents as their destructive impacts (shock waves, heat load) would envelope other storage and process units.Besides demonstrating the utilizability of -III, this study also focuses attention on the need to bestow greater effort towards risk assessment/crisis management. The authors hope that the study will highlight the severity of the risk posed by the industry and thus generate safety consciousness among plant managers. The study may also help in developing accident-prevention strategies and the installation of damage control devices.     

基于水生态系统结构特征的滇池流域水生态功能三级分区

水生态功能分区的目的是为了实现中国流域的"分区、分类、分级、分期"管理的精细管理理念,而水生态系统结构是水生态系统完整性的基础,也是区分不同区域生境特征与功能差异的重要指标.因此,为了实现更精细化的湖泊流域管理,在滇池流域完成水生态功能二级分区基础上,基于水生态系统结构特征进一步对滇池流域进行三级区划,进而反映流域水生态功能的空间异质性.以反映水生态系统结构的物理、化学与生物特征为依据,分别构建了滇池流域陆域与湖体的三级分区指标体系;通过对三级分区单元指标综合值进行聚类分级,最终将滇池流域的水生态功能三级分区划分为20个陆域区和4个湖体区,并利用底栖与藻类的生物数据对分区进行合理性评价.最后基于生态服务功能理论,结合滇池流域自身特点与管理需求,将滇池流域三级分区定义为不同的水生态功能类型.通过对滇池流域水生态功能三级分区的划分以及主体功能的确定,不仅为滇池流域水生态健康管理构建了空间管理单元,而且为湖泊水生态功能分区的研究提供了案例.     

基于ISODATA法的三峡库区生态区划

在可持续发展思想的指导下,以生态学理论为基本依据,探讨了生态区划的原则、指标和方法。采用ISODATA法结合SPSS100中的层次聚类分析软件包,选择生态环境指标、社会发展指标和经济发展指标等20个定性、定量指标,利用数量化评分标准将三峡库区划分为4个生态类型区,并对各生态类型区的主要特征进行分析,应用ArcGIS绘制出三峡库区生态区划图,结果表明第I区生态类型较好。研究指出三峡地区生活在生态安全质量较高的人口约有28万多人,只占库区总人口的17%;此外通过对各区生态经济特征的综合评价结果,可以看出各区主要以山地、丘陵地为主,而且水土流失面积占60%左右,三峡库区生态安全形势十分严峻。旨在为生态分区评价以及三峡库区生态安全建设提供参考,提出加强山地丘陵的综合治理、控制水土流失及降低污染是优化三峡库区生态状况的关键。     

太湖鼋头渚地区鹭类觅食生境研究

连续 2a实地调查了太湖鼋头渚地区鹭鸟的觅食生境 ,并搜集其雏鸟的反吐物 ,初步掌握了该地区不同鹭鸟对觅食生境的选择与食物组成情况。结果表明 ,无锡鼋头渚地区白鹭与夜鹭主要在鱼塘、湖泊觅食 ,白鹭在湖滨觅食 ,而夜鹭还会到湖中央水面觅食 ;池鹭觅食区域较广 ,主要在鱼塘。鹭群主要的食物类型是鱼类 ,白鹭食物几乎全为鱼类 ,夜鹭 95 %的食物为鱼类 ,兼有少量的蛙类、甲壳类和小型哺乳类动物。