Teil V: Das Umweltinformationssystem der Universit?t Osnabrück

Zusammenfassung  Grundlage für die erste Stoff- und Energieflu?analyse der Universit?t Osnabrück und die Erstellung der ?kobilanz war eine umfangreiche und damit zeitaufwendige Datensammlung, — aufbereitung und — weiterverarbeitung. Um die Bilanzierung für die Folgejahre zu vereinfachen und die ermittelten Daten für ein ?ko-Controlling nutzen zu k?nnen, wurde ein Konzept für ein Umweltinformationssystem (UIS) der Universit?t erarbeitet. Es setzt sich zusammen aus der operativen Ebene mit den dezentralen Daten(banken) der Verwaltung, einer zentralen Datenbankebene, in der die ?kobilanz erstellt und Umweltkennzahlen berechnet werden, und einer Auswertungs- und Pr?sentationsebene als Schnittstelle zwischen Daten und ihren Nutzern. Das UIS wird mittelfristig als Teil des Management-Informationssystem implementiert, das die Universit?t als erste Hochschule Deutschlands zur Zeit entwickelt.      

基于禀赋与压力的城市环境综合分区理论与方法研究

环境综合分区是城市环境总体规划的主要任务和落实资源合理利用与生态环境保护空间约束的重要手段.基于资源环境禀赋和压力的环境综合分区理论与方法,在生态功能分区和大气环境、水环境、水资源、土地资源分区基础上,提出城市环境综合分区二级区划方案,以大连市为例进行实证研究.根据综合分区方案,针对资源环境问题和发展现状,细化生态保护红线及产业空间准入线,引导城市资源利用与环境保护,更好地指导城市建设与产业发展.     

基于GIS系统的地下水污染防治区划分研究

在收集评估区域范围内污染源荷载、水文地质参数和地下水功能价值等资料的基础上,应用GIS软件对黑龙江省某地级市进行了建城区地下水污染防治防控区划分,选取模型进行了污染源荷载评价、地下水脆弱性评价、地下水污染风险评价.结果得出,地下水污染防治优先控制区位于污染源荷载较高的中部、北部和中部及西南部的部分区域为地下水污染防治重点控制区、其它为一般控制区域.区划结果为当地政府需求和社会经济发展规划提出合理有效的污染防治对策和措施依据.     

基于水生态功能分区的流域水环境监测与评价研究

中国现行的监测与管理模式多将流域管理机构按照地方部门条块分割,特别是从行政上将一个完整的流域人为分开,从而造成责权交叉多,难以统一规划和协调管理.为了提高每一个生态区域及系统特点得到相应保护,合理开发和利用水生态资源,进而可持续地发展经济和规划生态资源.基于水生态功能分区要求、国省控水质手动、自动监测系统和评价指标体系的特点和经验,开展了基于水生态功能分区的流域水监测与评价研究,编制了《基于水生态功能分区的流域水环境监测与评价》指南.构建重点流域内水环境质量评价指标和评价方法,形成以水污染防治和水质改善为目标、基于水生态功能分区的水环境质量评价模型,为中国其它流域水环境评价提供借鉴及参考.     

Effects of support acidity on the reaction mechanisms of selective catalytic reduction of NO by CH4 in excess oxygen

The reaction mechanisms of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide (NO) by methane (CH₄) over solid superacid-based catalysts were proposed and testified by DRIFTS studies on transient reaction as well as by kinetic models. Catalysts derived from different supports would lead to different reaction pathways, and the acidity of solid superacid played an important role in determining the reaction mechanisms and the catalytic activities. Higher ratios of Br?nsted acid sites to Lewis acid sites would lead to stronger oxidation of methane and then could facilitate the step of methane activation. Strong Br?nsted acid sites would not necessarily lead to better catalytic performance, however, since the active surface NO_y species and the corresponding reaction routes were determined by the overall acidity strength of the support. The reaction routes where NO₂ moiety was engaged as an important intermediate involved moderate oxidation of methane, the rate of which could determine the overall activity. The reaction involving NO moiety was likely to be determined by the step of reduction of NO. Therefore, to enhance the SCR activity of solid superacid catalysts, reactions between appropriate couples of active NO_y species and activated hydrocarbon intermediates should be realized by modification of the support acidity.     

Fires in tropical forests – what is really the problem? lessons from Indonesia

Fires have attracted interest and generated alarm since the early 1980s. This concern has been particularly evident in tropical forests of Southeast Asia and the Amazon, but disastrous fires in recent summers in Australia, Europe, and the United States have drawn worldwide attention. Concern about forest fires, and related air pollution and biodiversity impacts, led international organisations and northern countries – such as the Asian Development Bank, the European Union, the Food and Agriculture Organisation, the United Nations Environment Programme, the World Bank, and the government of Germany – to undertake fire assessments and provide technical assistance. Nongovernmental organisations, such as the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and World Wide Fund for Nature, have also devoted increased attention to fires. Aiming at prevention of future fires, 40 fire projects and missions costing well over US$30 million have worked in Indonesia over the last 20 years. Despite the money and effort spent on them, fires continue to burn every year. It may appear to some that efforts to address the ‘fire problem’ have not been effective as fires still occur. There remains a lack of clarity about ‘fire problems’, which has, at times, led to the adoption of policies that may have negative impacts on livelihoods, the environment, and the economy. Two ‘simple’ changes in the way fires are considered would significantly improve fire-related policies and initiatives.

基于土壤环境质量评价的铜陵丹皮区划研究

土壤环境质量评价是开发、利用和保护名优特农产品产地的关键和基础。铜陵是丹皮产区,依据土壤环境质量评价标准,综合考虑影响土壤环境质量的因素,结合评价区土壤环境质量的现状,对丹皮产地土壤环境质量进行综合分区。将种植区划分为优质、优良、良好、一般4个等级。从而为铜陵丹皮的生产和管理提供了科学依据。     

湖州市本级环境功能区划试点研究

浙江省为了加快实施主体功能区战略,优化国土空间开发格局,建立“分区管理、分类指导”的环境管理体系,形成国家、省、市县三级环境功能区划体系,开展了市县环境功能区划编制试点研究.湖州市本级作为试点之一,落实省级环境功能区划的要求,明确区划的原则与思路,评价生态自然属性和社会属性的协调性,最终划分环境功能区,提出各功能区保护目标与管控措施,为湖州市本级环境管理提供科学依据,同时也为省内其他市县开展环境功能区划工作提供参考.     

流域水生态功能分区方法与指标体系探讨

水生态功能分区是识别流域水生态系统特征、结构与功能的主要依据,它能够反映区域水生态系统的主要生态功能状况及其所面临的潜在压力。因此,建立基于生态功能分区的水质管理技术体系,是中国水生态管理的必然发展趋势,也是国际水质管理的前沿方向。拟从水生态功能分区的研究现状,比较国内外相关的研究工作,探讨不同等级生态分区方法及指标体系的构建依据。     

曲靖市环境噪声达标规划

对曲靖市城区进行了环境噪声功能区划分;分析了曲靖市噪声污染现状和趋势、噪声污染原因,对噪声污染结果进行了预测;分析了环境噪声达标规划,提出了噪声污染控制方案。