Community structure and elevational diversity patterns of soil Acidobacteria

Acidobacteria is one of the most dominant and abundant phyla in soil,and was believed to have a wide range of metabolic and genetic functions. Relatively little is known about its community structure and elevational diversity patterns. We selected four elevation gradients from 1000 to 2800 m with typical vegetation types of the northern slope of Shennongjia Mountain in central China. The vegetation types were evergreen broadleaved forest,deciduous broadleaved forest,coniferous forest and sub-alpine shrubs. We analyzed the soil acidobacterial community composition,elevational patterns and the relationship between Acidobacteria subdivisions and soil enzyme activities by using the 16 S rRNA meta-sequencing technique and multivariate statistical analysis. The result found that 19 known subdivisions as well as an unclassified phylotype were presented in these forest sites,and Subdivision 6 has the highest number of detectable operational taxonomic units(OTUs). A significant single peak distribution pattern(P 0.05) between the OTU number and the elevation was observed. The Jaccard and Bray–Curtis index analysis showed that the soil Acidobacteria compositional similarity significantly decreased(P 0.01) with the increase in elevation distance. Mantel test analysis showed the most of the soil Acidobacteria subdivisions had the significant relationship(P 0.01) with different soil enzymes. Therefore,soil Acidobacteria may be involved in different ecosystem functions in global elemental cycles. Partial Mantel tests and CCA analysis showed that soil pH,soil temperature and plant diversity may be the key factors in shaping the soil Acidobacterial community structure.     

垃圾“零填埋”,路在何方?

<正>垃圾主要指在日常生活中为日常生活提供服务的活动中产生的固体废物。与其他固体废物不同的是,垃圾是我们每个人每一天都要产生和排放的,不可避免地要与我们经常性地发生"亲密接触",处理不当会影响市容、传播疾病和污染环境。正因为     

Aerobic granules cultivated and operated in continuous-flow bioreactor under particle-size selective pressure

A novel method based on the selective pressure of particle size （particle-size cultivation method, PSCM） was developed for the cultivation and operation of aerobic granular sludge in a continuous-flow reactor, and compared with the conventional method based on the selective pressure of settling velocity （settling-velocity cultivation method, SVCM）. Results indicated that aerobic granules could be cultivated in continuous operation mode by this developed method within 14 days. Although in the granulation process, under particle-size selective pressure, mixed liquor suspended solids （MLSS） in the reactor fluctuated greatly and filamentous bacteria dominated the sludge system during the initial operation days, no obvious difference in profile was found between the aerobic granules cultivated by PSCM and SVCM. Moreover, aerobic granules cultivated by PSCM presented larger diameter, lower water content and higher specific rates of nitrification, denitrifieation and phosphorus removal, but lower settling velocity. Under long term operation of more than 30 days, aerobic granules in the continuous-flow reactor could remain stable and obtain good chemical oxygen demand （COD）, NH4^＋-N, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） removal. The results indicate that PSCM was dependent on the cultivation and maintenance of the stability of aerobic granules in continuous-flow bioreactors.     

“非法排放、倾倒、处置危险废物3吨以上的”规定不乏模糊争议之处

去年6月,最高人民法院、最高人民检察院联合发布《关于办理环境污染刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》（以下简称《解释》）,对污染环境罪相关构成要件做出解释,统一法律适用,同时进一步降低环境污染犯罪的入罪门槛,加大了对环境污染犯罪的打击。《解释》的出台严密了刑法保护网,弥补了立法的不足与欠缺,为刑事司法提供了具体指导。但是如同立法一样,司法解释在解决现有法律的漏洞和矛盾的同时,必然会形成新的漏洞、新的矛盾。本文将对《解释》第1条第2项“非法排放、倾倒、处置危险废物3吨以上的”规定中诸多不明晰之处加以梳理,进而提出自己的一点思考。     

植物性食物中重金属生物可利用性研究进展

重金属生物可利用性是衡量重金属污染对人体危害的重要指标,也是健康风险评价中最为关键的因子。该文以植物性食物中重金属生物可利用性为出发点,综述了国内外有关重金属在土壤、植物以及人体中的生物可利用性最新研究进展,分析了化学提取法、植物指示法和生物模拟法在重金属生物可利用性研究中的应用现状,并提出了未来的研究方向和重点。     

生物炭原位修复富营养化水体的试验研究

通过实验模拟,考察了粒径、炭层厚度、水体温度等因素对生物炭吸附与固定底泥氮磷的影响。结果表明:生物炭对氨氮与磷酸盐的最大吸附容量分别为4.92 mg/g、1.90 mg/g,吸附过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich方程,在温度5~35℃、粒径80目、炭层厚度0.5cm时,模拟水体中TN和TP浓度可维持在0.55~0.85 mg/L和0.02~0.04 mg/L之间,说明生物炭能很好的吸附水体中的N、P并将其固定在底泥中。     

污泥浓度对生物海绵铁体系中Fe~0的腐蚀影响研究

通过单因素实验,研究了不同活性污泥浓度对海绵铁体系中铁离子浓度变化的影响。结果表明:随着反应的进行,反应器泥水混合液中Fe(Ⅱ)和TFe浓度在不断升高,与活性污泥浓度成正相关性;pH值也呈现升高趋势,活性污泥浓度越高,pH值变化的越小;试验还发现海绵铁释铁过程包括生物腐蚀和化学腐蚀,生物腐蚀的影响要远远大于化学腐蚀。     

秸秆生物炭还田对围垦盐碱土壤的低碳化改良

利用芦苇秸秆和其生物炭还田改良围垦盐碱土壤。通过盆栽实验,从改良后土壤的脱盐率、植物的生长情况和生物量以及土壤呼吸和有土壤机碳含量等方面研究和比较了芦苇及其生物炭还田对围垦盐碱土壤的改良效应以及对土壤碳收支的影响。研究结果表明:秸秆和秸秆生物炭改良后土壤的含盐量显著低于空白对照,两者改良后的植物总收获量(干重)基本相同,均显著高于未改良的空白对照,但生物炭还田改良后的土壤呼吸强度显著低于秸秆直接还田,改良后其土壤有机碳含量也高于后者以及空白对照。高度稳定的生物炭还田能有效抵抗微生物的分解作用,因此其土壤微生物总量低于秸秆直接还田,从而导致土壤异养微生物活性较弱,使得生物炭中的碳得以在土壤中长期保存,增加了土壤有机碳含量,降低了土壤呼吸,是一种较低碳的秸秆还田措施。     

微生物与铀的相互作用及其应用前景

放射性核素铀可能会对周围环境造成长期污染,因此,放射性废物中铀的处理受到了普遍关注。近年来,越来越多的证据表明,放射性核素污染微生物处理法与无机材料处理法同等重要。微生物与铀的相互作用机制主要包括以下几个方面:生物吸附,细胞内的聚积、沉淀和氧化还原转换。目前正在开展的研究旨在阐明从放射性物质贮存相关的各种极端环境中分离获得的菌株与铀之间相互作用的关键过程。对这些能与铀相互作用的细菌有了基本的了解,将有助于放射性废物处理、修复技术的发展及其在环境放射性污染防治中的推广应用。     

利用水华微藻生物质去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)离子的研究

将野生水华微藻生物质作为吸附材料去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)离子。实验发现温度对去除效率没有显著影响,而pH值和Cr(Ⅵ)离子去除率呈严格负相关。在微藻吸附剂浓度为5.0 g/L、温度25℃、pH值5.0和初始Cr(Ⅵ)离子浓度30.0 mg/L条件下,经过2次吸附可以将水中Cr(Ⅵ)离子降低到0.45 mg/L,去除率达到98.5%。进一步分析表明,溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)浓度随着吸附时间逐步下降,Cr(Ⅲ)浓度会随着吸附时间逐步上升,逐渐接近总Cr浓度,这表明吸附过程中微藻生物质会将部分Cr(Ⅵ)还原成Cr(Ⅲ)。本研究表明,野生水华微藻生物质是一种低成本的吸附材料,可以用于去除废水中Cr(Ⅵ)离子。