中幼龄粗枝云杉(Picea asperata)根系的觅食能力

于四川省理县米亚罗林区选择幼龄期及中龄期两种生长阶段粗枝云杉个体为研究对象,采用挖掘法搜集全部根系,基于根系生物量及形态指标,从觅食器官总量角度定量衡量研究对象根系的觅食能力,并结合根序分级理论,基于前五级根序生理指标对其细根内部组分觅食效率进行评价,揭示其异质性规律.结果显示,9年、12年和29年生云杉侧根总生物量分别为154.50、2 195.27、7 380.60 g,总表面积分别为3 295.38、39 564.93、179 023.54 cm2,其中细根生物量依次为27.74、188.79、1 022.89 g,总表面积分别为2 353.97、19 395.49、98 551.54 cm2.根系比根长、总氮含量同根系觅食能力存在正相关关系.随着根序的增加,云杉前五级根系比根长、总氮含量呈显著下降趋势(P=0.000),因此,一级根至五级根根系觅食能力逐渐下降,细根内部组分觅食能力存在显著异质性.其中,一级根比根长和总氮含量远远大于其他根序,是云杉细根内部觅食能力最高的部分.云杉前五级根序非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)及其组分含量较低,随根序增加无显著变化规律,各根序自身NSC储量无法成为其觅食行为的主要能量供应源.上述研究结果为植物行为学研究,乃至森林地下生态学过程研究提供了基础数据,同时进一步丰富了对树木根系结构与功能的认识.     

采伐迹地青()和云杉两种人工群落生长规律的初步研究

研究了采伐迹地32a生的青(x)(Picea wilsonii)和29 a生的云杉(Picea asperata)两种人工群落平均木地径(Db/cm)、胸径(DBH/cm)、树高(h/m)、生物量(Vind/m3)以及群落的生物量(V/m3hm-2)生长过程,探讨了两群落的生物量和两种群个体数分布规律.主要结果为:①云杉的平均带皮地径(Dbb/cm)、带皮胸径(DBHb/cm)、平均h和Vind分别为16.3、12.9、9.14、0.05908,而青的则分别为8.1、5.2、5.65、0.00571.②云杉和青群落的V/m3.hm-2分别是155.09和23.55.③云杉Db、DBH、h、和Vind生长高峰期分别在树龄10～16 a、14～18 a、20～24 a和20 a;而青(x)的上述值生长高峰期则分别在树龄24 a、18～22 a、20～24 a和32 a.④按胸径级分布,云杉和青(x)群落中胸径＜13 cm的个体的V分别占各群落总生物量(Vt)的25.51%和100%;其个体数分别占各群落总个体数的58.74%和100%.⑤按生长级分布,云杉和青群落的I、II级木的V分别占各群落Vt的90%和57.64%;其个体数分别占各群落总个体数的63.7%和22.08%.     

好氧反硝化菌种DF2的分离鉴定及生理生化特性分析

分离了新型的高效反硝化细菌并研究其生物脱氮效率。通过观察形态学、生理生化鉴定和16SrRNA基因同源分析来鉴定菌种,致力于研究微生物污水脱氮处理的实际效果和克服反硝化过程中有害中间产物的积累。利用BTB培养基从水平潜流人工湿地基质中初步筛选出了9株平板阳性菌,革兰阴阳性均有。经试验研究发现该9种菌株在好氧条件下均具有一定的脱氮能力,其中以DF2和DF3 2种菌株脱氮能力最为显著,在3 d时间内NOX--N去除率达到了95%以上,NO2--N仅有微量积累;而其它7种菌株对NO3--N的去除率可以达到98%以上,但是NO2--N积累比较严重,积累量达到了NO3--N去除的50%~70%左右。经测序分析鉴定DF2和DF3分别属于德克斯氏菌属（Derxia）和假单胞菌属（Pseudomonadaceae）。德克斯氏菌属作为除氮的反硝化菌属在以往的研究中鲜有报道,该菌在好氧条件下可以合成周质NAR的亚基基因（napA）。     

天山云杉天然林分土壤呼吸速率的时空变化规律分析

天山云杉(Picea schrenkiana var.tianschanica(Rupr.)Chen et Fu)是构成天山山地森林生态系统的主体。在天山中部,从天山云杉在此区域分布的底线开始,结合天山云杉自然分布特征,沿每隔约100m的海拔梯度选择典型地段设置样地。根据远红外气体分析原理,采用LI-6400-09土壤呼吸室和LI-6400便携式光合作用测量系统,于2006年6-9月,测定了天山云杉天然林分在生长季内土壤呼吸速率随海拔高度和时间的变化规律。在空间上,林分的土壤呼吸速率并非随海拔高度呈线性增加或减少的关系,而是有规律的波动,在海拔1950～2110m之间,土壤呼吸速率是随着海拔高度的增加而降低,在2110～2428m之间是随着海拔高度的增加而升高,在海拔2428m处达到最大的呼吸速率值后又降低。不同海拔高度林分的土壤呼吸速率主要受土壤表面空气相对湿度及土壤温度的影响。在时间上,林分的土壤呼吸速率在生长季内随不同月份的变化为单峰曲线,其最大值出现在7月份;生长季内土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度呈显著负相关,与土壤表面空气相对湿度呈极显著正相关。而林分土壤呼吸速率的日变化在各时间点上的大小排序为7月>6月>8月>9月。它的变化与土壤温度具有极显著的正相关性,与土壤表面空气相对湿度具有显著的负相关性。     

Residual dynamics of thiacloprid in medical herbs marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil

Thiacloprid is a new insecticide of the chloronicotinyl family. To assess its risk after application, residual characteristics of thiacloprid in marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil were studied under field conditions. The active ingredient was extracted from the plant material using a mixture of acetone-water. After filtration, the extract was concentrated to the aqueous phase, diluted with water, and portioned against ethyl acetate on a matrix solid phase dispersion column. Thiacloprid was extracted from soil using a mixture of methanol-water, filtered, and re.extracted （clean up） with dichloromethane. The residues were quantified using HPLC-MS-MS. The methods were validated by recovery experiments. Thiacloprid residues in marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil persisted beyond 10, 14, 14, and 21 d but no residues were detected after 14, 21, 21, and 28 d, respectively. The data obtained in this study indicated that the biexponential model is more suitable than the first-order function to describe the decline of thiacloprid in fresh marjoram, fresh thyme, and dried camomile flowers with half-life （t1/2） of 1.1, 0.7, and 1.2 d, respectively. However, both the first-order function and biexponential model were found to be applicable for dissipation of thiacloprid in soil with almost the same t1/2 values of 3.5 and 3.6 d. The results indicated that thiacloprid dissipates rapidly and does not accumulate in the tested herbs and in soil.     

红树林放线菌的分离及其抗菌和抗肿瘤细胞活性

从福建漳州红树林保护区采集土壤样品中分离到163株放线菌,用5种指示菌(Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Rhizoctonia solani)测定了它们的抗菌活性,结果表明,其中42.3%的放线菌发酵液具有单一或多种抗菌活性.同时测定了它们的发酵液对肝癌细胞BEL7402、肺癌细胞A549和白血病细胞HL60三种肿瘤细胞的毒性,其中37.4%的放线菌发酵液具有单一或多种抗肿瘤细胞毒活性.对这163株放线菌的16S rDNA序列分析表明,它们分属于链霉菌属(89%)、小单孢菌属(6.1%)、糖单孢菌属(0.6%)、马杜拉放线菌属(3.7%)和拟诺卡氏菌属(0.6%).其中, 3株链霉菌与其亲缘关系最近的菌种的16S rDNA相似性低于97%,可能是3个新种.     

假单胞菌好氧降解四溴双酚A的特性

为了解四溴双酚A(TBBPA)的好氧降解特性,采用选择富集法从活性污泥中分离出一株能够高效降解四溴双酚A的菌株。根据其形态、生理生化特性及16S rDNA核苷酸序列分析,该菌株被鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)。研究结果表明,该菌株可通过好氧共代谢方式实现四溴双酚A的降解,葡萄糖是四溴双酚A降解的最佳碳源,其最优降解条件为葡萄糖8 g/L,牛肉膏0.5 g/L,pH值为7.0,培养温度为35℃,摇床转速为150 r/min。在该条件下其生物降解过程符合一级动力学模型,6 d后的降解率高达95.6%。LC-MS结果表明,四溴双酚A在好氧降解过程中会生成异丙苯酚类物质。     

Growth responses of Picea mongolica seedlings to defoliation rate

Picea mongolica W. D. Xu. is an endemic species in China. The spruce forest is only found in semi-arid habitat in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. Based on the simulative defoliation experiment, it was proved that Picea mongolica seedlings had the compensatory and overcompensatory effects under the certain defoliation rate. The results of variance analysis on growth indexes showed that in PM I (natural regeneration seedlings under Picea mongolica forest), the differences of H1 (height in June 23 ) and H2 (height in September 3) were extremely significant, and the difference of D(diameter at the breast height) were not significant. In PM Ⅱ (artificial regeneration seedlings under Betula platyphylla Suk. forest), the difference of H1 was significant, the difference of H2 was not significant, and the difference of D was extremely significant. The regression equations were established and the compensatory and overcompensatory points were obtained. In PM I, the compensatory points of H1, H2, and D were 0.7628, 0.7436, 0.5725, and the overcompensatory points were 0.6056, 0.5802 and 0.2909 respectively. In PM Ⅱ, the compensatory points of H1, H2, and D are 0.5012, 0.3421, 0.2488, and the overcompensatory points are 0.4137, 0.2633 and 0.0747 respectively. These results suggested that the induction of compensatory growth mechanisms in spruce seedlings required a threshold level of defoliation, and the insects in Picea mongolica forest could be controlled in a certain de clree.     

Phosphatase activity and culture conditions of the yeast Candida mycoderma sp. and analysis of organic phosphorus hydrolysis ability

Orthophosphate is an essential but limiting macronutrient for plant growth. About 67% cropland in China lacks sufficient phosphorus, especially that with red soil. Extensive soil phosphorus reserves exist in the form of organic phosphorus, which is unavailable for root uptake unless hydrolyzed by secretory acid phosphatases. Thus, many microorganisms with the ability to produce phosphatase have been exploited. In this work, the activity of an extracellular acid phosphatase and yeast biomass from Candida mycoderma was measured under different culture conditions, such as pH, temperature, and carbon source. A maximal phosphatase activity of 8.47 × 10^5±0.11× 10^5 U/g was achieved by C. Mycoderma in 36 hr under the optimal conditions. The extracellular acid phosphatase has high activity over a wide pH tolerance range from 2.5 to S.0 （optimum pH 3.5）. The effects of different phosphorus compounds on the acid phosphatase production were also studied. The presence of phytin, lecithin or calcium phosphate reduced the phosphatase activity and biomass yield significantly. In addition, the pH of the culture medium was reduced significantly by lecithin. The efficiency of the strain in releasing orthophosphate from organic phosphorus was studied in red soil （used in planting trees） and rice soil （originating as red soil）. The available phosphorus content was increased by 230% after inoculating 20 days in rice soil and decreased by 50% after inoculating 10 days in red soil. This work indicates that the yeast strain C. mycoderma has potential application for enhancing phosphorus utilization in plants that grow in rice soil.     

菌株Pseudomonas sp. JF122降解苯酚同时还原Cr(VI)的条件优化及生长特性研究

采用富集培养法,从钢铁厂附近河流污泥中分离筛选到1株能同时降解苯酚与还原Cr(VI)的菌株JF122.在600 mg·L^-1苯酚与1.2 mg·L^-1 Cr(VI) 的条件下,采用单因素实验考察了温度、初始pH、该菌接种量等因素对其同时降解苯酚与还原Cr(VI)的影响,并通过正交试验L₉(3³)获得适宜的苯酚降解与Cr(VI)还原条件.结果表明,菌株JF122降解苯酚与还原Cr(VI)的适宜条件为:30 ℃、初始pH=6和接种量1%,此条件下,菌株JF122在56 h内能够降解600 mg·L^-1苯酚同时还原1.2 mg·L^-1 Cr(VI).应用响应曲面法建立了菌株JF122的生长与温度、初始pH、接种量等因素间关系的数学模型,并对其生长条件进行了优化.结果表明,菌株JF122最优生长条件与其降解苯酚并同时还原Cr(VI)的最优条件具有一致性.