东海浮游多毛类环境适应分析

根据1997～2000年东海23°30′～33°N、118°30′～128°E海域4个季节海洋调查资料,采用拟合曲线方法,探讨浮游多毛类对温度和盐度的适应特征,分析不同物种的生态类型.结果表明,东海4季鉴定到种的浮游多毛类共有20种.其中,游蚕(Pelagobis longicirrata)、秀丽浮蚕(Tomopteris elegans)、等须浮蚕(Tomopteris duccii)、方背鳞虫(Lepidonotus squamatus)和岛居拟帚毛虫(Lygdamis nesiotes)等对温度变化不敏感,是广温种;秀丽浮蚕还具有广泛的盐度适应,是广盐种;太平洋浮蚕(Tomopteris pacifica)是热带大洋种,可作为暖流指示种;丝鳃稚齿虫(Prionospio malmgreni)是广温近海种;其它物种为亚热带外海种.与东海大多数浮游动物类群相同,多毛类以亚热带外海种为主.但是多毛类中广温种占有较大的比例,这是该类有别于其它浮游动物类群的重要特征.图2表3参20     

我国科学家研究推动矿山开采地生态修复

中科院华南植物园专家承担的重点科技专项——“油页岩废渣场退化生态系统的生态恢复研究”近日通过了专家组的科研项目结题验收。专家组表示,该研究成果为我国热带、亚热带地区矿山开采地的生态修复提供了一个成功案例。     

我国亚热带东部山地森林植被垂直带谱气候界限研究——以浙西南山地为例

山地垂直带谱研究是当前全球变化的前沿课题。利用浙西南山地自动气象站和全国基本气象站资料,综合运用因子分析法和曼-惠特尼U检验方法,提取影响浙西南山地森林植被垂直带谱的主要气候因子,并选取具有相似气候特征的亚热带东部39个山地探讨带谱的气候界限问题。结果表明:气温、季节强度和风是形成浙西南山地垂直带谱的主要气候因子;最冷月均温与落叶阔叶林带、常绿落叶阔叶林带低海拔分界线最为相关,最优区间分别为-0.8℃~-1.2℃和2.1℃~2.9℃,在浙西南山地高程1 600~1 700m和1 200~1 300m附近;年均温与暖性、温性针叶林带的分界最相关,分界区间为13.3℃~13.6℃,在浙西南山地高程800m附近;风对森林上界有影响,但程度尚不能定量。     

Adsorption and desorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) in paddy soils cultivated for various years in the subtropical China

The adsorption and desorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) on upland red soil,and paddy soils which were originated from the upland soil and cultivated for 8,15,35 and 85 years,were investigated using the batch method.The study showed that the organic matter content and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soils are important factors controlling the adsorption and desorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ).The 15-Year paddy soil had the highest adsorption capacity for Pb(Ⅱ),followed by the 35-Year paddy soil.Both the 35-Year paddy soil and 15-Year paddy soil adsorbed more Cu(Ⅱ) than the upland soil and other paddy soils.The 15-Year paddy soils exhibited the highest desorption percentage for both Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ).These results are consistent with the trend for the CEC of the soils tested.The high soil CEC contributes not only to the adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) but also to the electrostatic adsorption of the two heavy metals by the soils.Lower desorption percentages for Cu(Ⅱ) (36.7% to 42.2%) and Pb(Ⅱ) (50.4% to 57.9%) were observed for the 85-Year paddy soil.The highest content of organic matter in the soil was responsible for the low desorption percentages for the two metals because the formation of the complexes between the organic matter and the metals could increase the stability of the heavy metals in the soils.     

速读

<正>美国总统奥巴马批准30亿美元用于联合国气候基金紧随美国与中国达成气候协议之后,美国总统奥巴马宣布,美国政府将拿出30亿美元用于联合国气候基金帮助贫穷国家对抗气候变化,这一措施可能是美国政府迄今为止在气候变化问题上力度最大的一个项目。奥巴马总统提出的这30亿美元基金相当于联合国绿色气候基金预计融资规模的三分之一,该基金皆在减缓气候变化对世界最贫困国家的影响。     

环境视点

正冬日里的一把火——金红的水杉柏科水杉,中国特产的孑遗珍贵树种,第一批列为中国国家一级保护植物的稀有种类,有植物王国活化石之称。它的适应力很强,生长极为迅速,且对二氧化硫有一定的抵抗能力,是亚热带地区平原绿化、荒山造林的优良树种。每当岁未春来之际,羊城各大公园的水杉,渐渐的脱绿披黄,树技上的叶片变成金色的羽毛,迎风摇曵。冬日暖阳之下,飞红流金,枝条层层舒展,与湖畔倒影相映更是一幅绝妙的图画。让我们都来广州采红吧!(梁宇星)     

Effects of temperature change and tree species composition on N2O and NO emissions in acidic forest soils of subtropical China

Tree species and temperature change arising from seasonal variation or global warming are two important factors influencing N2O and NO emissions from forest soils. However, few studies have examined the effects of temperatures(5–35℃) on the emissions of forest soil N2O and NO in typical subtropical region. A short-term laboratory experiment was carried out to investigate the influence of temperature changes(5–35℃) on soil N2O and NO emissions under aerobic conditions in two contrasting(broad-leaved and coniferous) subtropical acidic forest types in China. The results showed that the temporal pattern of N2O and NO emissions between the three lower temperatures(5℃, 15℃, and 25℃) and 35℃ was significantly different for both broad-leaved and coniferous forest soils. The effects of temperature on soil N2O and NO emission rates varied between broad-leaved and coniferous forest soils. Both N2O and NO emissions increased exponentially with an increase in temperature in the broad-leaved forest soil. However, N2O and NO emissions in the coniferous forest soil were not sensitive to temperature change between 5℃ and 25℃. N2O and NO emission rates were significantly higher in the broad-leaved forest soil as compared with the coniferous forest soil at all incubation temperatures except 5℃. These results suggest that the broad-leaved forest could contribute more N2O and NO emissions than the coniferous forest for most of the year in the subtropical region of China.     

亚热带茶园土壤的某些生物化学性状研究

茶园土壤的有机质含量、腐殖质组成、有机碳的循环与平衡特点、酶活性及其在施肥条件下的变化情况与土壤肥力密切相关．试验结果表明：亚热带茶园土壤有机质含量水平较低，腐殖质组成中以富里酸为主，HA／FA比、酶活性均比起源土壤略低；高产茶园土壤有机碳库的循环水平较高，在不施有机肥的情况下仍能保持平衡；低产茶园土壤有机碳库的循环水平较低，输出大于输入，施用有机肥可以较快地提高茶园土壤有机质含量和酶活性水平．增施有机肥和实行茶林复合是培肥茶园土壤、提高茶园生产力的有效措施．     

亚热带6种针叶和阔叶树种凋落叶分解比较

针叶和阔叶树种分别代表了不同的生活型,其凋落叶片具有不同的分解速率.应用分解网袋法,在中国亚热带地区,选取了具有代表性的3种针叶树种(马尾松Pinus massoniana、水杉Metasequoia glyptostroboides和杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata)和3种阔叶树种(木荷Schima superb、乐昌含笑Michelis chapensis和青冈Cyclobalanopsisgtauca)的凋落叶,放置于样地杭州千岛湖的林地中,经过1 a的分解实验,分析不同类型树种凋落叶的分解特征.6种树种凋落叶质量损失过程基本符合Olson指数模型,其中,3种针叶树种(马尾松、水杉和杉木)凋落叶的分解系数k值(分别为0.51、0.30和0.44),明显小于3种阔叶树种(木荷、乐昌含笑和青冈)凋落叶的分解系数k值(分别为0.55、1.12和0.66);同时,针叶树种(马尾松、水杉和杉木)凋落叶分解50%和95%所需时间(分别为1.36、2.31、1.78 a和5.87、9.99、7.68 a),大于阔叶树种(木荷、乐昌含笑和青冈)凋落叶的分解时间(分别为1.26、0.62、1.05 a和5.45、2.68、4.54a).多元回归分析表明,凋落物分解系数与初始钾元素含量显著相关(P<0.05).一元线性回归分析表明,凋落物的分解系数与初始钾元素和初始木质素含量均具有显著性差异(P<0.05).亚热带地区针、阔叶树种凋落叶分解的差异与自身质量密切相关,其中初始木质素与钾元素含量是控制凋落物分解的主要因素.图2表2参23     

亚热带东部壳斗科6种常绿植物叶的生态解剖

选取亚热带东部替代分布明显的壳斗科6种常绿树种（青冈，小叶青冈，细叶青冈，苦槠，甜槠和石乐）的11个种群叶片进行生态解剖，并用SPSS，DCA和TWINSPAN比较分析，结果表明：（1）尽管6种11个种群叶的结构仍属中生叶型，但有着不同程度的趋旱适应；（2）叶的解剖性状在属间，种间和种群间均存在着不同程度的差异，这是它们适应各自生境的结果，青冈和石栎的种内差异较大，反映出它们对环境变化有较强响应能力；（3）叶片的不同解剖性状在属，种类和种群间的变化并不同步，其中叶片和栅栏组织厚度等性状差异突出，反映它们更易受环境的饰变，是生态适应性状，而海,上角质膜，特别是下表皮厚度等性状差异较小，显示出这些性状的稳定性，可以认为是系统演化性状；（4）苦槠，青冈具有较厚的叶片，栅栏组织，角质膜和发达输导和机械组织，苦槠还具有复表皮，表现出对旱化生境的适应；甜槠尽管具有复表皮和较厚的叶片，但这是海绵组织增厚的结果，是对中生生境的适应；小叶青冈和细叶青冈具有较垢叶片和栅栏组织，角质膜厚度居中等特点，可能是对中山凉湿生境的。图版1图2表2参24