辽西褐土施肥及养分循环再利用中长期试验Ⅱ. 土壤养分收支辽西褐土施肥及养分循环再利用中长期试验Ⅱ. 土壤养分收支辽西褐土施肥及养分循环再利用中长期试验Ⅱ. 土壤养分收支辽西褐土施肥及养分循环再利用中长期试验Ⅱ. 土壤养分收支

持续10 a的田间试验结果表明,在保持农业系统养分循环再利用的基础上,根据土壤养分供给力设计化肥施用量,可以在实现作物高产的同时,平衡土壤养分收支,从而避免土壤中肥料养分（主要是氮）过剩而进入环境。     

北魏旱地农业技术研究

从农具、耕地、选种、播种、田间管理、作物制度等方面探讨了北魏的旱地农业技术。结果表明,北魏旱地农业技术已达到相当高的水平。其后一千多年,中国北方的旱地农耕业并未有实质性的突破。     

持久性有机污染物的作物吸收及迁移模型研究进展

持久性有机污染物(Persistent Organic pollutant,POPs)是指通过各种环境介质(大气、水、生物体等)能够长距离迁移并长期存在于环境中的人工合成的有机污染物。本文阐述了全球POPs的主要环境过程和各环境介质中POPs的暴露水平,探讨了作物对POPs的吸收过程、吸收机制和生态效应,并基于现有的环境多介质逸度模型和根区水质模型,分析了持久性有机污染物作物吸收过程模拟模型中存在的问题及未来的发展方向。目前,对POPs作物吸收机制及其模拟的研究较少,但随着我国对粮食安全和农业可持续发展的持续关注,这一领域的模拟研究将对科学解析POPs归趋、合理制定风险管控措施和有效确保粮食质量安全等提供重要科学支撑。     

作物多样性变化及其对农业产出的影响——基于期望出产和非期望产出的分析

运用中国30个省份1990～2016年的面板数据,从作物多样性视角,采用CDI和d等作物多样性指数,考察了农业种植结构对农业产值和农业面源污染的影响。研究结果表明：作物多样性与农业产值之间存在显著的“倒U型”曲线关系。当前中国非优势作物（比较优势较弱）多样性偏高,对农业产值产生抑制作用,非优势作物多样性每增加1个单位,农业产值将减少1.5%;对农业面源污染产生正向作用,非优势作物多样性每增加1个单位,农业面源污染将增加1.3%。而区域优势作物多样性的增加对农业面源污染有较大的抑制效应,优势作物多样性每增加1个单位,农业面源污染将减少1.5%;作物多样性对种植业产值和农业面源污染综合指数的提高有负面影响;在农业劳动力大量转移背景下,减少作物多样性种植有利于农业产值的提高;当自然灾害较严重时,作物多样性的增加有利于农业产值的增长。因此各区域要立足于本省的资源禀赋条件,减少比较优势较弱的农作物品种和种植面积,增加优势农产品,特色农产品种植,培育农业品牌,以提高农业收入和增强生态环境保护。同时,农业基础设施的完善以及农民防灾减灾意识的提高有利于增强抵御自然灾害的能力,促进绿色的现代化农业的发展。     

Modified accumulation of selected heavy metals in Bt transgenic rice

Safety assessment of genetically modified crops generally does not take into account the potential hazard of altered patterns of heavymetal accumulation in plants. A pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions to evaluate the impact of heavy metalamendments on the accumulation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in a Bt transgenic rice Ke-Ming-Dao (KMD) and its wild-type Xiushui 11(Xs11). In control soils, significant di erence was only found in contents of Cu (p < 0.01) and Pb (p < 0.05) in straw between KMDand Xs11. At three levels of Cd amendments (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg), the Cd contents in grain and straw of KMD were significantly higherthan those of Xs11, and all grain Cd contents were significantly higher than the International Criteria (0.2–0.4 mg/kg) as specified bythe Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). These results implied that it may be unsafe for growing Bt transgenic rice in heavilyCd-polluted areas. No significant di erence in Zn was found between the two varieties with the exception of roots at Zn amendmentlevel of 600 mg/kg, while Pb contents in KMD were much higher in the straw at the lead amendment level of 1000 mg/kg and in theroot at 250 mg Pb/kg. Data on the heavy metal accumulation patterns for the genetically modified rice may be used for the selection ofgrowing areas as well as for plant residue management for Bt rice.     

贵州铅锌矿区土壤和作物重金属生态风险与迁移特征

土壤中积累高含量的重金属对生态环境和人体健康存在潜在风险.以贵州省某铅锌矿区农田土壤和作物为研究对象,运用GIS空间制图分析了重金属的分布与来源,采用潜在生态风险指数(RI)评价了重金属的潜在生态风险,利用美国环保署(USEPA)推荐的人体健康风险评估方法量化了居民暴露于铅锌矿周围土壤重金属的健康风险.结果表明,土壤中ω(As)、ω(Cd)、ω(Cr)、ω(Cu)、ω(Hg)、ω(Ni)、ω(Pb)和ω(Zn)平均值分别为：58、7.9、175、64、0.461、65、1 539和2 513 mg·kg^-1,均显著高于贵州省表层土壤元素背景值.土壤As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn含量在空间分布上极不均匀,其受到了强烈的铅锌矿冶炼等人为扰动.RI评价显示,土壤重金属存在极强、较强等级为主的综合潜在生态风险,Cd为主要的生态风险因子. 22%和10%的玉米籽实样品中Pb和As分别超过了食品安全国家标准中的重金属污染阈值.人体健康风险评价显示,暴露于土壤重金属对成人和儿童存在非致癌健康风险,对儿童存在一定的致癌健康风险.土壤pH值是影响Cd生物有效性和土壤-作物系统C...     

20种农药在作物中多残留分析方法的研究

报道了20种有机氯、有机磷和拟除虫菊酯类农药在作物中多残留气相色谱分析方法。9种有机磷农药的最低检测浓度为0.34—22.30ppb,8种有机氯农药为0.13—9.76ppb,3种拟除虫菊酯为1.63—17.00ppb。20种农药在四种作物上的添加回收率大于80％,仅敌敌畏与速灭磷在低浓度(0.05ppm)时,回收率偏低。变异系数都小于10％。     

作物植株残体还田土壤对除草剂的截留作用

加入成熟作物植株残体还田的土壤（简称秸秆还田土壤）与自然土壤的土柱淋洗对比实验，研究了玉米秸秆还田土壤对除草剂乙草胺和阿特拉津的截留作用以及水稻秸秆还田土壤对丁草胺的截留作用。结果表明，作物秸秆还田土壤对所研究的三种除草剂有明显的截留作用，在土桩的最上部10cm内，秸秆还田土壤对乙草胺、丁草胺和阿特拉津的截留量分别是自然土壤对其截留量的1.33、1.77和1.88倍。     

Climate-induced Changes in Spring Maize Water Requirement in Xiliaohe River Watershed

Xiliaohe River watershed plays an important role in regional and national grain security. With the development of society and economy, water consumption that increased dramatically causes water shortages. Crop water requirement can provide quantitative basis for making regional irrigation scheme. In this study, spring maize water requirement is calculated by using PenmanMonteith formula and spring maize coefficient from May to September at 10 meteorological stations in Xiliaohe River watershed from 1951 to 2005. The variation trend of the spring maize water requirement during the whole growing stage, water requirement in every month, and meteorological influencing factors are obtained by using Mann-Kendall method, and the degree of grey incidence between the water requirement and meteorological influencing factors are shown. The results are the spring maize water requirement during the whole growing stages increases at half of the stations in Xiliaohe River watershed, and are remarkably affected by the water requirement in May. The monthly mean, maximum and minimum air temperature form May to September show an increasing trend in Xiliaohe River watershed in recent 55 years. The monthly mean and minimum air temperature increases notably. The relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed and sunshine show a decreasing trend with variety for different months. The monthly maximum air temperature, wind speed, sunshine and monthly mean air temperature have the highest correlation degree with spring maize water requirement from May to September.