基于降雨和地形特征的输出系数模型改进及精度分析

降雨是非点源污染产生的主要驱动条件,地形是非点源污染输移的重要影响因素,两者均与非点源污染紧密相关。输出系数模型是大尺度流域非点源污染模拟的常用模型,从降雨和地形对非点源污染产生、迁移的影响出发,对现有输出系数模型进行了改进,并给出了改进模型中降雨影响因子和地形影响因子的确定方法,以提高模型在大尺度流域的模拟精度。最后,以长江上游1990和2000年TN负荷估算为例,分析了模型改进前后的精度变化。精度对比表明,通过模型改进,流域综合相对误差从4502%和4249%减小到2393%和1838%,直门达站、沱江大桥站和罗渡溪站控制流域的相对误差有明显减小。改进后的输出系数模型结构更合理,模拟更符合实际。     

DEM格网尺度对AnnAGNPS预测山地小流域径流和物质输出的影响

为了解流域地形空间参数和其它参数的精度对农业非点源污染模型AnnAGNPS预测准确性的影响,利用三峡库区黑河小流域观测资料校准了AnnAGNPS模型,分析了1.5-12.5m格网尺度DEM对地形参数和模型负载输出的影响.结果表明,1.5～12.5m格网尺度DEM对流域径流量、洪峰流量、总N输出影响不显著,但对泥沙、总P、有机碳输出影响显著.三峡库区类似小流域宜采用5m格网尺度DEM,AnnAGNPS模型较不适合于尺度较小、坡度较大的小流域泥沙负载预测.     

Understanding nutrient build-up on urban road surfaces

This article discusses the outcomes of a research project on nutrients build-up on urban road surfaces.Nutrient build-up was investigated on road sites belonging to residential,industrial and commercial land use.Collected build-up samples were separated into five particle size ranges and were tested for total nitrogen (TN),total phosphorus (TP) and sub species of nutrients,namely,NO 2- ,NO 3- ,TKN and PO 43-.Multivariate analytical techniques were used to analyse the data and to develop detailed understanding on build- up.Data analysis revealed that the solids loads on urban road surfaces are highly influenced by factors such as land use,antecedent dry period and traffic volume.However,the nutrient build-up process was found to be independent of the type of land use.It was solely dependent on the particle size of solids build-up.Most of the nutrients were associated with the particle size range 150 μm.Therefore,the removal of particles below 150 μm from road surfaces is of importance for the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from road surface solids build-up.It is also important to consider the difference in the composition of nitrogen and phosphorus build-up in the context of designing effective stormwater quality mitigation strategies.     

Nutrient distribution within and release from the contaminated sediment of Haihe River

We assessed nutrient characteristics, distributions and fractions within the disturbed and undisturbed sediments at four sampling sites within the mainstream of Haihe River. The river sediments contained mostly sand (> 60%). The fraction of clay was < 3%. Total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations ranged from 729 to 1922 mg/kg and from 692 to 1388 mg/kg, respectively. Nutrient concentrations within the sediments usually decreased with increasing depth. The TN and TP concentrations within the fine sand were higher than for that within silt. Sediment phosphorus fractions were between 2.99% and 3.37% Ex-P (exchangeable phosphorus), 7.89% and 13.71% Fe/Al-P (Fe, Al oxides bound phosphorus), 61.32% and 70.14% Ca-P (calcium-bound phosphorus), and 17.03% and 22.04% Org-P (organic phosphorus). Nitrogen and phosphorus release from sediment could lead to the presence of 21.02 mg N/L and 3.10 mg P/L within the water column. A river restoration project should address the sediment nutrient stock.     

土地利用结构变化对非点源污染的影响研究

目前,应用模型对非点源污染进行时空模拟是非点源污染研究的重要方向,而输出系数模型在我国中、大尺度流域的非点源污染负荷研究时表现出独特的优越性。文章通过洪湖地区为例,利用输出系数模型,结合GIS技术,模拟洪湖地区污染物负荷空间分布及估算污染物总负荷。结果表明:(1)非点源污染高负荷区占洪湖市大部分面积,主要是农业耕作区带来的面源污染;沿路以及沿湖一带林地、草地为非点源污染低负荷区,这部分面积占洪湖总面积较少。(2)1995-2000年5年中耕地对TN的贡献率下降0.19个百分点,对TP的贡献率下降0.15个百分点,城镇用地对TN的贡献率上升0.18个百分点,对TP的贡献率上升0.13个百分点,林地和草地的贡献率略有上升,这与耕地面积减少,建设用地的不断扩张有关。(3)耕地对TN、TP贡献率在各种土地利用类型中占主导地位,贡献率其次为城镇用地、未利用地、林地、草地。     

横坡与顺坡垄作径流氮磷输出及其富营养化风险对比研究

以沂蒙山区典型的坡耕地为例,通过2种雨强(40 mm·h-1和70 mm·h-1)下的野外原位模拟降雨试验,分析了横坡与顺坡垄作地表径流溶解态无机氮Inorganic-N(NO3--N、NH4+-N)以及溶解态磷(DP)的输出特征,并利用Inorganic-N/DP、NO3--N/DP和NH4+-N/DP等3种氮磷比对...     

我国绿色贸易转型战略取向分析

"十二五"及今后时期,绿色贸易转型是我国实现绿色经济转型的重要优先领域,是缓解对外贸易发展资源环境压力,改善环境质量,促进"十二五"环保目标实现的重要途经。本文在反思传统贸易发展方式基础上,提出实现从"以环境输出为特征"到"以生态修复为使命"的绿色贸易转型,是我国未来贸易发展长期而艰巨的使命和任务;并在进一步梳理"十二五"绿色贸易政策空间基础上,揭示出"环境输出"向"生态修复"环境友好型贸易发展方式转变,成为绿色贸易转型的重要战略取向。     

沂蒙山区不同覆被棕壤理化特征对径流溶解态氮磷输出的影响

以沂蒙山区的棕壤为例,利用野外原位模拟降雨试验,在分析荒草地、侧柏林、金银花、山楂园和花生地等5种典型覆被下棕壤坡地径流溶解态氮(DN)、磷(DP)输出特征的基础上,探讨了不同土地覆被类型下棕壤主要理化性质差异对径流DN、DP输出的影响.结果表明,在降雨强度(70 mm·h-1)、地形和植被覆盖度等条件较为一致的情况下...     

基于LED驱动芯片的低温漂CMOS基准电压源

设计了一种低温漂CMOS基准电压源,应用于LED驱动芯片中．采用基本的带隙基准电压源原理,并对结构进行了改进,减小了失调电压对输出的影响,同时可以提供多路输出,满足LED驱动芯片中多个基准电压的需求．基于CSMC0．5μmCMOS工艺对所设计电路进行了模拟仿真．常温（25℃）下,电源电压为4V时电路具有稳定的三路输出：200mV、600mV和1V,温度在-45-85℃变化时,温度系数为16．9ppm／℃,PSRR大于-70dB@1kHz．